WestCoast PATH370 Complete Course Latest 2022 February (Full)

PATH370 Pathophysiology

Week 1 Discussion

Using the video from Episode 1 on Toni, break down the following parts of the framework of Pathophysiology:

Etiology

Risk factors

Pathogenesis

Clinical manifestations (Signs/Symptoms)

Treatment/Management

 Please correlate your responses to Toni’s case. Also, note that content in this case scenario incorporates topics from Chapters 1,2,4, and 7.

  Requirements

1-2 references to support your responses.

1-2 full paragraph responses

Initial post due within 2 days after initial class

Minimum 2 peer responses due before the next class

 

PATH370 Pathophysiology

Week 2 Discussion

Using the video from Episode 2 on Samantha, answer the following prompts:

Prompt 1: Explain in detail the pathogenesis of a DVT (Deep Vein Thrombosis) and how it can lead to a PE (Pulmonary Embolism)

Prompt 2: Research and list all the possible treatment options for a DVT

Please correlate your responses to Samantha’s  case. Also, note that content in this case scenario incorporates topics from Chapters 14 and 15.

Requirements:

1-2 references to support your responses.

1-2 full paragraph responses

Initial post due within two days after initial class

Minimum 2 Peer responses due before the next class.

 

 

PATH370 Pathophysiology

Week 3 Discussion

Using the video from Episode 3 on Henry, compare and contrast the difference between, right, left, and biventricular heart failure. Explain why Henry had right-sided heart failure.

Please correlate your responses to Henry’s  case. Also, note that content in this case scenario incorporates topics from Chapters 16, 18, and 19.

Requirements:

1-2 references to support your responses.

1-2 full paragraph responses

Initial post due within 2 days after initial class

Minimum 2 peer responses due before the next class

 

PATH370 Pathophysiology

Week 4 Discussion

Using the video from Episode 4 on Mr. Jones, answer two of the following prompts: Please identify each prompt you answer by number and restate the question in bold letters.

Prompt 1: How many patients are suffering from COPD in the United States? Do COPD sufferers die of respiratory causes or other causes? (Be sure to cite the data.)

Prompt 2: What two separate diseases are the main COPD diseases? Give background on each disease.

Prompt 3: How does COPD correlate with left ventricular pressure and primary heart failure?

Prompt 4: What are the three types of bronchodilators, and how do they function to alleviate the symptoms of COPD? What are other possible treatments for COPD?

Prompt 5: Through which mechanism does bronchiolitis cause destruction of alveoli? Is emphysema genetic? Can environmental factors increase the risk of emphysema? Why or why not?

Prompt 6: Is lung transplantation a solution for emphysema? Can new technology be useful in the treatment of emphysema? Why or why not?

Please correlate your responses to Mr. Jones’s  case. Content in this case scenario incorporates topics from Chapter 22.

Requirements:

1-2 references to support your responses.

1-2 full paragraph responses

Initial post due within two days after initial class

Minimum 2 Peer responses due before the next class.

PATH370 Pathophysiology

Week 6 Discussion

Using the video from Episode 6 on Mr. Fallbrook, answer two of the following prompts: Please identify each prompt you answer by number and restate the question in bold letters.

Prompt 1: Explain in detail the pathogenesis on how Mr. Fallbrook’s gastroenteritis leads to sepsis and then ARF.

Prompt 2: Research the medication Enalapril. Explain its uses, dosage, and side effects.

Prompt 3:Explain the different types of Acute Renal Failure and which type Mr. Fallbrook falls under.

Prompt 4:  Explain the different types of dialysis and how they are used.

Please correlate your responses to Mr. Fallbrook’s  case. Content in this case scenario incorporates topics from Chapter 16, 20, 28, and 36.

Requirements:

1-2 references to support your responses.

1-2 full paragraph responses

Initial post due within two days after initial class

Minimum 2 Peer responses due before the next class.

 

PATH370 Pathophysiology

Week 7 Discussion

Using the video from Episode 7 on Ms. Fernandez, answer two of the following prompts: Please identify each prompt you answer by number and restate the question in bold letters.

Prompt 1: Explain in detail the pathogenesis of DM Type 1 & 2 and DKA.

Prompt 2: Explain how Ms. Fernandez’s past medical history correlates to her current condition.

Prompt 3:Describe treatments that would be used for DM and DKA.

Please correlate your responses to Ms. Fernandez’s  case. Content in this case scenario incorporates topics from Chapter 36 and 41.

Requirements:

1-2 references to support your responses.

1-2 full paragraph responses

Initial post due within two days after initial class

Minimum 2 Peer responses due before the next class.

 

 

PATH370 Pathophysiology

Week 8 Discussion

Using the video from Episode 8 on Rowena, answer two of the following prompts: Please identify each prompt you answer by number and restate the question in bold letters.

Prompt 1: Explain in detail the different types of dementia.

Prompt 2:  Explain in detail the difference between ischemic vs. hemorrhagic stroke.

Prompt 3:Explain the use of tPAs (Tissue Plasminogen Activator)

Prompt 4: Describe additional treatments and  management that could be used in Rowena’s case.

Please correlate your responses to Rowena’s  case. Content in this case scenario incorporates topics from Chapter 44 and 45.

Requirements:

1-2 references to support your responses.

1-2 full paragraph responses

Initial post due within two days after initial class

Minimum 2 Peer responses due before the next class.

 

PATH370 Pathophysiology

Signature Assignment-Case Study

In order to write a case study paper, you must carefully address a number of sections in a specific order with specific information contained in each. The guideline below outlines each of those sections.

Section Information to Include

Introduction (patient and problem)         •             Explain who the patient is (Age, gender, etc.)

•             Explain what the problem is (What was he/she diagnosed with, or what happened?)

•             Introduce your main argument (What should you as a nurse focus on or do?)

Pathophysiology              •             Explain the disease (What are the symptoms? What causes it?)

History  •             Explain what health problems the patient has (Has she/he been diagnosed with other diseases?)

•             Detail any and all previous treatments (Has she/he had any prior surgeries or is he/she on medication?)

Nursing Physical Assessment      •             List all the patient’s health stats in sentences with specific numbers/levels (Blood pressure, bowel sounds, ambulation, etc.)

Related Treatments        •             Explain what treatments  the patient is receiving because of his/her disease

Nursing Diagnosis & Patient Goal              •             Explain what your nursing diagnosis is (What is the main problem for this patient? What need to be addressed?)

•             Explain what your goal is for helping the patient recover (What do you want to change for the patient?)

 Nursing Interventions   •             Explain how you will accomplish your nursing goals, and support this with citations (Reference the literature)

 Evaluation          •             Explain how effective the nursing intervention was (What happened after your nursing intervention? Did the patient get better?)

 Recommendations         •             Explain what the patient or nurse should do in the future to continue recovery/improvement

Your paper should be 3-4 pages in length and will be graded on how well you complete each of the above sections. You will also be graded on your use of APA style and on your application of nursing journals into the treatments and interventions. For integrating nursing journals, remember the following:

Make sure to integrate citations into all of your paper

Support all claims of what the disease is, why it occurs and how to treat it with references to the literature on this disease

Always use citations for information that you learned from a book or article; if you do not cite it, you are telling your reader that YOU discovered that information (how to treat the disease, etc.)

 

PATH370 Pathophysiology

Evidence-Based Medicine: Research Project and Presentation

In this project, you will complete a clinical case study analysis, research review, and oral presentation about the pathophysiology of your chosen topic. In this project, you will work in groups of two to four people. You will present as a group and receive a participation/collaboration grade. You will also be graded based on your individual contribution to the content. 

Your presentations should follow a case study SBAR format (situation, background, assessment, and recommendations). Include four (4) different medical-based evidence and/or research recommendations. You must include at least five (5) scholarly sources in your overall presentation.

Your group presentation should include:

Introduction to the case or situation

Background detail

Clinical assessment

Recommendations

Application to future practice

At least five (5) scholarly references supporting your ideas

The use of audiovisual aids such as PowerPoint, DVD clips, sound effects, posters, radiology films, medical reports, etc.

Opportunities for engagement with the audience such as a question and answer session

Submit your PowerPoint and any handouts to the assignment dropbox before your presentation. You may submit just your portion of the overall presentation OR submit the entire presentation; be clear which section you are responsible for.

Review the rubric for grading criteria.

*HIPPA Compliance: If you are using an actual person for your case study, please see your instructor to obtain a HIPPA release form so that we are in compliance with the Health Information Patient Privacy Act.

** At some campuses, there will be an incorporation of the “Team Teach” collaboration model where nursing faculty are invited to come and observe the presentations and give feedback from a clinical perspective. Your instructor will inform you if this is a requirement.

 

PATH370 Pathophysiology

Week 2 In Class Assignment

Hodgkin disease

A.S. was recently diagnosed with Hodgkin disease and scheduled for a staging procedure. His previous axillary lymph node biopsy result was positive for Reed-Sternberg cells. The surgeon charted results of the staging procedure as “stage I.”

What is the purpose of the staging procedure for A.S.?

How does Hodgkin lymphoma spread in the body, and what does “stage I”signify for A.S.?

What is the difference between Hodgkin disease and non-Hodgkin lymphoma?

What is the prognosis and predicted therapy for A.S. now that he has been diagnosed with stage I Hodgkin disease?

What side effects might A.S. expect from this therapy?

Case 2 E.O. is an 8-year-old girl with a history of asthma and allergy to bee stings. She has been brought to the clinic complaining of a throat infection. Her health care provider prescribes a course of penicillin to manage her current infection and cautions her parents to watch her closely for a reaction.

Discussion Questions

What type of reaction is the health care provider concerned about and why?

Explain the role of IgE and mast cells in type I hypersensitivity reactions. Why might E.O. react adversely to the antibiotic with the first use?

What would you tell E.O.’s parents to look for when they are assessing for a reaction?

What would you suggest the parents do if a reaction does occur?

 

 

 

 

PATH370 Pathophysiology

Week 3 In Class Assignment

What risk factors for primary hypertension are evident from K.H.’s history and physical data?

What is the rationale for treating K.H. with an ACE inhibitor? What is the mechanism of action? What part of the blood pressure formula do they affect?

K.H.’s hypertension is not adequately controlled. What other intervention might be considered?

What tips can you give K.H.’s wife to improve the accuracy of her blood pressure measurement technique?

Case 2

Which type of heart failure (left or right sided) is usually associated with dyspnea? What other clinical findings are likely to be present with left-sided heart failure

What compensatory mechanisms are likely to be operative in A.O. to enhance cardiac output?

What is the most likely cause of A.O.’s pedal edema?

What is the cause of A.O.’s exertional chest pain? What laboratory tests would be useful to confirm this diagnosis?

What is the rationale for the use of each of A.O.’s medications in managing her heart disease?

Case 3

Based on his case history and responsiveness to fluid therapy, what type of shock was C.C. experiencing?

What other clinical findings would be helpful in confirming the type of shock? Why?

Because of his many open wounds and invasive lines, C.C. is at risk for sepsis and septic shock. What clinical findings would suggest that this complication has developed?

 

PATH370 Pathophysiology

Week 4 In Class Assignment

Case 1What clinical findings are likely in R.S. as a consequence of his COPD? How would these differ from those of emphysematous COPD?

Interpret R.S.’s laboratory results. How would his acid-base disorder be classified? What is the most likely cause of his polycythemia?

What is the rationale for treating R.S. with theophylline and a ß2 agonist?

What effects would his respiratory disease have on his cardiovascular function?

Considering both his COPD and pneumonia, in what position would R.S. have the worst ventilation-perfusion matching?

Case 2 What is the most likely cause of her respiratory distress? Why?

What diagnostic findings would help confirm this diagnosis?

What is the pathogenesis of hypoxemia in this disorder?

How will R.S.’s respiratory disorder likely be treated?

Case 3 What is the underlying mechanism of R.J.’s asthma? What are the three airway responses that occur during an asthma episode?

In addition to bronchodilator therapy with intermittent albuterol, what other pharmacotherapy is important in the management of asthma?

What is the significance of a PEFR at 60% predicted? If spirometry were performed at this time, what would be the likely findings?

How to monitor response to therapy?

In addition to reviewing appropriate drug therapy, what other preventive and treatment measures should be included in R.J.’s discharge teaching?

 

PATH370 Pathophysiology

Week 5 In Class Assignment

Case 1How would a pneumococcal infection lead to glomerulonephritis? How can glomerulonephritis result in nephrosis?

Use J.H.’s laboratory values to determine if he is still experiencing nephrosis or his condition is progressing to renal failure.

What additional physical or laboratory findings would help determine J.H.’s degree of renal impairment?

How will J.H.’s therapy change if his condition has progressed from nephrosis to uremia?

Case 2 What type of renal failure is P.W. likely developing? What data support this conclusion?

Without adequate therapy, what may develop? Why? What is the best therapy for preventing this from occurring?

In addition to urine output, what laboratory data should be monitored to assess changes in P.W.’s renal function?

If P.W.’s renal function does not return to normal but continues to be diminished, what are the subsequent stages of his renal disorder and what clinical problems do they present?

 

PATH370 Pathophysiology

Week 6 In Class Assignment

Case study 1 What risk factors does L.B. have that predispose her to development of gallstones?

 Why are fatty foods often associated with an exacerbation of symptoms?

What is the relationship between gallstones and cholecystitis?

What options are there for the surgical removal of the gallbladder?  What other options are available for the treatment of cholecystitis?

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is selected. Will L.B. continue to secrete bile after her surgery? How?

Case study 2 What are the common manifestations of alcoholic cirrhosis? Which of these are secondary to hepatocellular failure? Which are secondary to portal hypertension?

Why is F.C. at particular risk for GI bleeding?

What is the probable cause of F.C.’s progressive mental deterioration? How might his mental deterioration be medically managed?

What problems might be precipitated by F.C.’s abrupt cessation of alcohol intake while hospitalized?

Case study 3 What is the likely cause of the dysphagia?

What advice should he be given regarding his OTC medication at this time?

What are the usual signs and symptoms of GERD? How will it be managed?

 

PATH370 Pathophysiology

Week 7 In Class Assignment

1.            What is the most likely cause of M.G.’s signs and symptoms? What is the origin and pathogenesis? What other laboratory findings would be consistent with this etiology?

2.            What are common complications of this disorder, and how would one assess for their occurrence?

3.            What is the usual treatment for this disorder?

Case 2 Discussion Questions

1. What questions could be asked of J. S.’s family to help determine the cause of her stroke as thrombotic, embolic, or hemorrhagic (i.e., questions to assess risk factors for each type of stroke)?
2. Based on the scenario described above, which brain hemisphere (left or right) suffered the ischemic damage? What other manifestations of this stroke location would likely be apparent?
3. What medical therapies might be used to manage this current stroke and/or to prevent another one?
4. What information might be appropriate to give J.S.’s family about the expected recovery process after stroke?

Case 3 Discussion Questions

1.            What types of motor difficulties would F.P. be expected to exhibit related to his Parkinson disease?

2.            What is the rationale for managing Parkinson disease with a dopamine precursor?

3.            What safety and activities-of-daily-living problems might F.P. have encountered while hospitalized?

4.            If F.P. experiences seizure activity while in the hospital, what should be assessed during the seizure episode? How would his seizure be managed?

 

PATH370 Pathophysiology

Week 1 Understanding Assignment

Question 1 Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin are known as

  lymphoma.

  sarcomas.

  carcinomas.

  adenomas.

Question 2 Metaplasia is

  the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another.

  the transformation of a cell type to malignancy.

  an irreversible cellular adaptation.

  the disorganization of cells into various sizes, shapes, and arrangements.

Question 3 The primary effect of aging on all body systems is

  decreased functional reserve.

  diseased function.

  programmed senescence.

  senility.

Question 4The cellular response indicative of injury because of faulty metabolism is

  hydropic swelling.

  lactate production.

  metaplasia.

  intracellular accumulations.

Question 5A patient with metastatic lung cancer wants to know her chances for survival. Which response is correct?

  “Lung cancer is always fatal.”

  “Lung cancer has about a 15% survival rate.”

  “Lung cancer is highly curable when diagnosed early.”

  “Lung cancer death rate has decreased significantly, as with all other cancers.”

Question 6After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for chemotherapy, which will

  selectively kill tumor cells.

  stimulate immune cells to fight the cancer.

  have minimal side effects.

  kill rapidly dividing cells.

Question 7The cellular component that is most susceptible to radiation injury is the

  membrane.

  DNA.

  RNA.

  ribosomes.

Cellular DNA is particularly susceptible to damage from radiation via breakage of the bonds holding the linear DNA together. Cell membranes, RNA, and ribosomes are not the most susceptible to radiation injury.

Question 8Carbon monoxide injures cells by

  destruction of cellular membranes.

  reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin.

  promotion of free radicals.

  crystallization of cellular organelles.

Question 9The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells is

  Rb.

  P53.

  DCC.

  APC.

Question 10Cancer grading is based on

  tumor size.

  local invasion.

  cell differentiation.

  metastasis.

 

 

PATH370 Pathophysiology

Week 2 Understanding Assignment

Question 1A primary effector cell of the type I hypersensitivity response is

monocytes.

 mast cells.

 neutrophils.

 cytotoxic cells.

Question 2An important mediator of a type I hypersensitivity reaction is

complement.

 antigen–antibody immune complexes.

 T cells.

 histamine.

 Question 3Peripheral edema is a result of

 arterial insufficiency.

venous thrombosis.

 hypertension.

 atherosclerosis.

Question 4The Philadelphia chromosome is a balanced chromosome translocation that forms a new gene called

bcr-abl.

Rb.

p53.

 ARA-c.

Question 5Which form of leukemia demonstrates the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome?

ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia)

CLL (chronic lymphoid leukemia)

 AML (acute myeloid leukemia)

 CML (chronic myeloid leukemia)

 Question 6Risk factors for atherosclerosis include

female gender.

 hyperlipidemia.

 high-protein diet.

 low-fiber diet.

 Question 7The hypersensitivity reaction that does not involve antibody production is type

I.

II.

III.

 IV.

 Question 8Which clinical finding is indicative of compartment syndrome?

   Peripheral edema

 Absent peripheral pulses

 Redness and swelling

 Atrophy of distal tissues

Question 9A child with a history of recent strep throat infection develops glomerulonephritis. This is most likely a type _____ hypersensitivity reaction.

   I

II

III

IV

Question 10What is the effect on resistance if the radius of a vessel is halved?

Resistance doubles.

 Resistance decreases by a factor of 16.

 Resistance decreases by half.

 Resistance increases by a factor of 16.

 

 

PATH370 Pathophysiology

Week 3 Understanding Assignment

Question 1The most reliable indicator that a person is experiencing an acute myocardial infarction (MI) is

severe, crushing chest pain.

 ST-segment elevation.

dysrhythmias.

 pain radiating to the lower legs.

 Question 2Hypertension is closely linked to

obstructive sleep apnea.

 urinary tract infection.

 de Quervain syndrome.

 spinal stenosis.

 Question 3Constrictive pericarditis is associated with

impaired cardiac filling.

cardiac hypertrophy.

 increased cardiac preload.

 elevated myocardial oxygen consumption.

Question 4A loud pansystolic murmur that radiates to the axilla is most likely a result of

aortic regurgitation.

 aortic stenosis.

 mitral regurgitation.

 mitral stenosis.

 Question 5Restriction of which electrolytes is recommended in the management of high blood pressure?

Calcium

 Potassium

 Sodium

 Magnesium

 Question 6While hospitalized, an elderly patient with a history of myocardial infarction was noted to have high levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). What is the significance of this finding?

Increased LDL levels are associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease.

 Measures to decrease LDL levels in the elderly would be unlikely to affect the progression of this disease.

 Increased LDL levels are indicative of moderate alcohol intake, and patients should be advised to abstain.

 Elevated LDL levels are an expected finding in the elderly and therefore are not particularly significant.

 

 

Question 7Aortic regurgitation is associated with

diastolic murmur.

 elevated left ventricular/aortic systolic pressure gradient.

 elevated systemic diastolic blood pressure.

 shortened ventricular ejection phase.

  Question 8A patient has a history of falls, syncope, dizziness, and blurred vision. The patient’s symptomology is most likely related to

   hypertension.

hypotension.

    deep vein thrombosis.

 angina.

 Question 9After being diagnosed with hypertension, a patient returns to the clinic 6 weeks later. The patient reports “moderate” adherence to the recommended lifestyle changes and has experienced a decreased from 165/96 to 148/90 mm Hg in blood pressure. What is the most appropriate intervention for this patient at this time?

Continue lifestyle modifications only.

 Continue lifestyle modifications plus diuretic therapy.

 Continue lifestyle modifications plus ACE inhibitor therapy.

 Continue lifestyle modifications plus b-blocker therapy.

 Question 10The most commonly recognized outcome of hypertension is pulmonary disease.

   True

 False

 

 

PATH370 Pathophysiology

Week 4 Understanding Assignment

Question 1After evaluation, a child’s asthma is characterized as “extrinsic.” This means that the asthma is

   of unknown pathogenesis.

 associated with specific allergic triggers.

 associated with respiratory infections.

 induced by psychological factors (stress).

 Question 2Croup is characterized by

a productive cough.

 a barking cough.

 an inability to cough.

drooling, sore throat, and difficulty swallowing.

Question 3Empyema is defined as an

   exudative bronchitis.

 infection in the pleural space.

 infection localized in the lung.

 infection in the blood.

Question 4Obstructive sleep apnea would most likely be found in a patient diagnosed with

  myasthenia gravis.

 poliomyelitis.

 Pickwickian syndrome.

 pneumonia.

Question 5A major risk factor for the development of active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) disease is

contaminated water.

immunosuppression.

 being a male.

overuse of antibiotics.

 Question 6Osmoreceptors located in the hypothalamus control the release of

angiotensin.

 atrial natriuretic peptide.

 aldosterone.

 vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH).

 Question 7Emphysema results from destruction of alveolar walls and capillaries, which is because of

release of proteolytic enzymes from immune cells.

 air trapping with resultant excessive alveolar pressure.

 excessive α1-antitrypsin.

   autoantibodies against pulmonary basement membrane.

 Question 8An increase in the resting membrane potential (hyperpolarized) is associated with

hypokalemia.

 hyperkalemia.

 hypocalcemia.

  hypercalcemia.<