UMGC PSYC341 Midterm Exam Latest 2022

When researching cognitive psychology, which of the following are used:

Question 1 options:

 Normal brains

 Abnormal brains

 Computers

 All of the above

Question 2 Wundt’s Leipzig school believed consciousness to be the result of what type of processing?

Question 2 options:

 Top-down

 Bottom-up

 Circular

 Conceptually-driven

Question 3 Early behaviorists emphasized the importance of

Question 3 options:

 Consciousness

 Thinking

 Objectivity

 Physics

Question 4 The information about a match or mismatch between a desired end and an existing state is called

Question 4 options:

 Goal-directed achievement

 Matching hypothesis

 Cognitive titration

Question 5 Turing believed that

Question 5 options:

 Computers could think

 Computers were smarter than humans

 Computers were tools that input, stored, and manipulated information

 Computers should technically be considered unintelligent

Question 6 Three of the following are true. What is NOT an assumption commonly made by the cognitive approach to psychology?

Question 6 options:

 Answers to basic empirical questions can be given in terms of information processing models

 Cognitive capacities can differ between individuals

 Cognition can only be understood with reference to stimuli and response (S-R)

 Cognitive psychology tends to focus on the individual rather than on cultural or societal factors.

Question 7 You are at a holiday party with many family and friends. Even though there are many conversations, and it is noisy all around you, you are able to focus on the discussion with your interlocutor. This is due to the

Question 7 options:

 Face-name mnemonic

 Auditory reflex

 Cocktail party effect

 Cochlear cilia

Question 8 Studies wherein subjects listen to different stimuli in each ear in order to determine how well one could attend to and remember the stimuli in each ear is called ________.

Question 8 options:

 Echoic memory

 Broadbent task

 Parallel processing

 Dichotic listening

Question 9 _____ occurs in time, whereas _____ occurs in space

Question 9 options:

 Audition; Vision

 Vision; Audition

 Cognition; Perception

 Perception; Cognition

Question 10 Perceiving something without being aware of it can be tested using ______; perceiving something without attending to it can be tested using _____.

Question 10 options:

 Masking research; dichotic listening research

 Dichotic listening research; masking research

 Semantic research; episodic research

 Episodic research; semantic research

Question 11 A patient only eats food from the right half of a plate. What can you infer from this?

Question 11 options:

 There has been damage to the frontal lobe of the brain

 There has been damage to the occipital lobe of the brain

 There has been damage to the left lobe of the brain

 There has been damage to the right lobe of the brain

Question 12 Deutsch and Deutsch (1963) claim that:

Question 12 options:

 Messages receive greater amounts of processing if they are attended to

 All messages receive the same amount of processing whether they are attended to or not

 Attended information must receive at least sufficient processing to activate relevant semantic memories

 Only one message can be attended to at a time

Question 13 People analyze information from their senses using

Question 13 options:

 Perception

 Stimuli

 Attention

 Sensation

Question 14 When you see an X on a piece of paper, you perceive this as two strait lines crossing in the middle. This is what Gestalt psychologists call

Question 14 options:

 Law of impressions

 Law of proximity

 Law of good continuation

 Law of closure

Question 15 When we say that an apple can be eaten, a bowl can hold things, and a box can contain things, this is what is referred to as

Question 15 options:

 Characteristics

 Affordances

 Resonances

 Primitives

Question 16 The ventral stream in visual processing . . .

Question 16 options:

 Projects to regions of the brain that appear to be involved in pattern discrimination and object recognition

 Projects to regions of the brain that appear to be involved in the analysis of information involved in the position and movement of objects

 Projects to parts of the brain primarily involved in face recognition

 Projects to parts of the brain involved in line and edge detection

Question 17 The constructivist approach describes perception as

Question 17 options:

 Top-down

 Bottom-up

 Data-driven

 Detail-oriented

Question 18 Which of the following makes within-category distinctions?

Question 18 options:

 Objects

 Faces

 Emotions

 Templates

Question 19 People are ______ capable of identifying familiar than unfamiliar faces when there is a change in pose or hairstyle.

Question 19 options:

 Equally

 More

 Less

 Research has been inconclusive

Question 20 What type of errors were most commonly made in Young et al’s (1985) study of everyday errors in face recognition?

Question 20 options:

 Difficulty retrieving full details of a person

 Person unrecognized

 Decision problems

 Person misidentification

Question 21 Research indicates that person _____ information is retrieved before person ______ information.

Question 21 options:

 Identity; name

 Name; identity

 Sequential; parallel

 Parallel; sequential

Question 22 Identifying a person, and identifying an emotional expression, use what kind of routes?

Question 22 options:

 Dorsal routes

 Ventral routes

 Separate routes

 Overlapping routes

Question 23 Recognizing someone without being aware of recognizing them is called

Question 23 options:

 Covert recognition

 Autonomic recognition

 Unconscious recognition

 Repressed recognition

Question 24 Perceptually-oriented processing is more likely with ____, whereas semantic processing is more likely with _____.

Question 24 options:

 Faces; objects

 Objects; faces

 Words; sentences

 Sentences; words

Question 25 Let’s say that you learn about many types of bias in your Cognitive Psychology class. One bias in particular, the hindsight bias, really resonates with you because you recognize it in yourself. You find that, when tested on all of the biases, you remember more about the hindsight bias than the other types of bias. This is due to the

Question 25 options:

 Ego involvement effect

 Self-bias effect

 Own-bias effect

 Self-reference effect

Question 26 Studies of HM revealed the importance of the hippocampus in . . .

Question 26 options:

 Forming new memories

 Remembering old memories

 Personality development

 Balance

Question 27 Which of the following is considered to be part of declarative memory?

Question 27 options:

 Priming

 Facts

 Classical conditioning

 Procedural abilities

Question 28 When any memory is initially formed, it must first be encoded in

Question 28 options:

 Emotional memory

 Procedural memory

 Episodic memory

 Semantic memory

Question 29 Which two theories of memory are based on the importance of the relationship between encoding and retrieval?

Question 29 options:

 Transfer appropriate processing and encoding specificity

 Threshold process and relative distinctiveness

 Dual process and familiarity-based theory

 Single process signal detection theory and dual process signal detection theory

Question 30 When unconscious memory, or memory without awareness, is being examined, what types of tests are used?

Question 30 options:

 Intentional memory tests

 Exceptional memory tests

 Explicit memory tests

 Implicit memory tests

Question 31 We process and manipulate information in what type of memory?

Question 31 options:

 Long term memory

 Episodic memory

 Working memory

 Procedural memory

Question 32 Which of the following are synonymous?

Question 32 options:

 Short term memory and working memory

 Short term memory and long-term memory

 Working memory and long-term memory

 None of the above

Question 33 Think about your childhood bedroom. Picture where the bed, the windows, and the furniture were.  For this task, you are primarily using your

Question 33 options:

 Phonological loop

 Visuo-spatial sketchpad

 Central executive

 Occipital lobe

Question 34 When you are reading a book, or listening to a book on tape, the same system is used. Which system is this?

Question 34 options:

 Phonological loop

 Visuo-spatial sketchpad

 Controlling executive

 Cerebellum

Question 35 When you are intending to stop by the grocery store after work (less common event), but find yourself accidentally and automatically driving straight home instead (more common event), this is due to a failure of [the]

Question 35 options:

 Working memory

 Procedural memory

 Supervisory Attentional System

 Central workspace

Question 36 Which of the following memorization tasks is most predictive of being able to learn foreign language vocabulary?

Question 36 options:

 Word-word pairs (two real words paired together)

 Word-nonword pairs (a real word paired with a nonword)

 Both are equally predictive

 Neither are predictive since different processes are used

Question 37 If you wanted to figure out what steps a person goes through when solving a problem, or what the person’s thought process was, you would employ

Question 37 options:

 Protocol analysis

 Verbal analysis

 Cognitive analysis

 Freudian analysis

Question 38 If you think that a hammer can only be used to pound nails, and cannot conceive of other ways it can be used, you are illustrating the concept of

Question 38 options:

 Insight

 Internal representation

 External representation

 Functional fixity

Question 39 When using analogies to solve problems without any additional hints or clues, subjects do better when there are

Question 39 options:

 Surface similarities

 Structural similarities

 Blatant similarities

 Verbal similarities

Question 40 When solving a problem, experts in a subject matter, as compared to novices, tend to

Question 40 options:

 Work backward, beginning with the end goal and working backward to the information given

 Work forward, beginning with the information given and using that to work toward the end goal

 Work backward and forward simultaneously to discover a solution

 Use the method of insight

Question 41 _____ theories of decision-making define the ideal decision whereas _____ theories of decision-making characterize how decisions are actually made.

Question 41 options:

 Normative; descriptive

 Descriptive; normative

 Problem-solving; judgment

 Judgment; problem-solving

Question 42 People may experience loss aversion in part due to the

Question 42 options:

 Gambling effect

 Possession effect

 Probability effect

 Endowment effect

Question 43 In making judgments, once a hypothesis is formed based on early information, later conflicting information tends to be disregarded. This is called the

Question 43 options:

 Disregarding effect

 Inertia effect

 Conservation effect

 Edwards effect

Question 44 Linda is afraid to fly because she hears about planes going down “all the time.” Linda is suffering from the

Question 44 options:

 Representativeness heuristic

 Availability heuristic

 Anchoring and adjustment heuristic

 Framing heuristic

Question 45 Bill is at a conference for accountants at a luxury resort in Las Vegas. The hotel is full of accountants, but there are other guests vacationing there too. Bill rides the elevator with a muscular man in workout clothes. He comments, “You aren’t here for the accountant’s conference, are you?!” The man replies, “Yes I am. I am just going for a workout after my last seminar.”  What fallacy did Bill fall prey to?

Question 45 options:

 Representativeness heuristic

 Availability heuristic

 Anchoring and adjustment heuristic

 Framing heuristic

Question 46 What type of reasoning do we use when we come to a conclusion based on things we assume, or things we believe?

Question 46 options:

 Parallel reasoning

 Logical reasoning

 Deductive reasoning

 Inductive reasoning

Question 47 Is the following syllogism true or false–

All A are B

All B are C

Therefore, All C are A

Question 47 options:

 True

 False

 Question 48 What is the most common form of reasoning?

Question 48 options:

 Parallel reasoning

 Logical reasoning

 Deductive reasoning

 Inductive reasoning

Question 49 A professional baseball pitcher wears his “lucky socks” for every game, believing them to be a factor in his success. This illustrates a(n)

Question 49 options:

 Illusory correlation

 Transitory correlation

 Psychological correlation

 Low IQ

Question 50 An “a-ha” moment, or gaining sudden insight into a problem, is a form of

Question 50 options:

 Parallel reasoning

 Ambivalent reasoning

 Deductive reasoning

 Inductive reasoning