Pathophysiology Chapter 28 Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Chapter 28: Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1.            What is the most abundant class of plasma protein?

a.            Globulin

b.            Albumin

c.             Clotting factors

d.            Complement proteins

2.            What is the effect of low plasma albumin?

a.            Clotting factors decrease, thus increasing the chance of prolonged bleeding.

b.            Fewer immunoglobulins are synthesized, thus impairing the immune function.

c.             Less iron is stored, thus increasing the incidence of iron deficiency anemia.

d.            Osmotic pressure decreases; thus water moves from the capillaries to the interstitium.

3.            What is the life span of an erythrocyte (in days)?

a.            20 to 30

b.            60 to 90

c.             100 to 120

d.            200 to 240

4.            What does the student learn about erythrocytes?

a.            Erythrocytes contain a nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes.

 b.           Erythrocytes synthesize proteins.

c.             Erythrocytes have the ability to change shape to squeeze through microcirculation.

d.            Erythrocytes are more abundant in women than men.

5.            What are granulocytes that contain granules of vasoactive amines, such as histamine, called?

a.            Neutrophils

b.            Eosinophils

c.             Monocytes

d.            Basophils

6.            Which of these are formed elements of the blood that are not cells but are disk-shaped cytoplasmic fragments essential for blood clotting?

a.            Monocytes

b.            Platelets

c.             Macrophages

d.            Erythrocytes

7.            What are blood cells that differentiate into macrophages known as?

a.            Monocytes

b.            Neutrophils

c.             Eosinophils

d.            Basophils

8.            Without prior exposure to an antigen, which cells are able to destroy some types of tumor cells and some virus-infected cells?

a.            Lymphocytes

b.            Plasma cells

c.             Megakaryocytes

d.            Natural killer (NK) cells

9.            What is the life span of platelets (in days)?

a.            10

b.            30

c.             90

d.            120

10.          Fetal hematopoiesis occurs primarily in which structure?

a.            Gut

b.            Spleen

c.             Bone marrow

d.            Thymus

11.          What is the consequence of a splenectomy?

a.            The level of iron in circulation increases.

b.            Antibody production increases to improve immune function.

c.             The number of defective cells in circulation increases.

d.            The number of clotting factors increases.

12.          A professor explains to a class that the reason lymph nodes enlarge and become tender during infection is because of what reason?

a.            B lymphocytes proliferate.

b.            The nodes are inflamed.

c.             The nodes fill with purulent exudate.

d.            The nodes are not properly functioning.

13.          Which hemoglobin is made from oxidized ferric iron (Fe3+) and lacks the ability to bind oxygen?

a.            Deoxyhemoglobin

b.            Oxyhemoglobin

c.             Methemoglobin

d.            Glycosylated hemoglobin

14.          A patient has pernicious anemia and asks the healthcare professional to explain the disease. Which statement by the professional is most accurate?

a.            The lack of certain foods in your diet

b.            Your body cannot absorb vitamin B12.

c.             You are not getting enough vitamin C.

d.            Your bone marrow has stopped working.

15.          By which structure are mature erythrocytes removed from the bloodstream?

a.            Liver

b.            Lymph nodes

c.             Thymus

d.            Spleen

16.          A patient has chronic anemia associated with chronic renal failure. What substance does the healthcare professional tell the patient is needed to treat this anemia?

a.            Iron

b.            Erythropoietin

c.             Cobalamin (vitamin B12)

d.            Folate

17.          What is the role of thromboxane A (TXA2) in the secretion stage of hemostasis?

a.            Stimulates the synthesis of serotonin.

b.            Promotes vasodilation.

c.             Stimulates platelet aggregation.

d.            Promotes formation of cyclooxygenase.

18.          Which of these is the role of nitric oxide (NO) in hemostasis?

a.            Stimulates the release of fibrinogen to maintain the platelet plug.

b.            Stimulates the release of clotting factors V and VII.

c.             Causes vasoconstriction and stimulates platelet aggregation.

d.            Controls platelet activation through in concert with prostacyclin.

19.          The drug heparin acts in hemostasis by which processes?

a.            Inhibiting thrombin and antithrombin III (AT-III)

b.            Preventing the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin

c.             Shortening the fibrin strands to retract the blood clot

d.            Degrading the fibrin within blood clots

20.          What is plasmin’s role in the clotting process?

a.            Stimulates platelet aggregation.

b.            Inhibits platelet adhesion and aggregation.

c.             Prevents the conversion of prothrombin to degrade the fibrin within blood clots.

d.            Degrades the fibrin within blood clots.

21.          Soon after birth, a newborn has cord blood drawn which shows hemoglobin of 28.2 mg/dL. What does the healthcare professional understand about this finding?

a.            The baby suffered from hypoxia in utero.

b.            This is a normal finding from cord blood.

c.             The newborn needs a blood transfusion.

d.            The infant’s bone marrow is immature.

22.          Where are Kupffer cells located?

a.            Kidneys

b.            Liver

c.             Pancreas

d.            Spleen

23.          The student learns that Langerhans cells are only found in which organ?

a.            Skin

b.            Intestinal lining

c.             Kidney

d.            Thyroid

24.          What does the student learn about the role of collagen in the clotting process?

a.            Initiates the clotting cascade

b.            Activates platelets

c.             Stimulates fibrin

d.            Deactivates fibrinogen

25.          Which form of iron (Fe) can be used in the formation of normal hemoglobin?

a.            Fe+

b.            Fe2+

c.             Fe3+

d.            Fe4+

26.          What change to the hematologic system is related to age?

a.            Platelet adhesiveness decreases.

 b.           Lymphocyte function decreases.

c.             Cellular immunity increases.

d.            Erythrocyte reproduction accelerates.

27.          What is the function of erythrocytes?

a.            Tissue oxygenation

b.            Hemostasis

c.             Infection control

d.            Allergy response

MULTIPLE RESPONSE

1.            Which characteristics allow erythrocytes to function as gas carriers? (Select all that apply.)

a.            Permanent shape

b.            Compactness

c.             Reversible deformability

d.            Presence of hyperactive mitochondria

e.            Biconcavity

2.            Which statements about plasma proteins are correct? (Select all that apply.)

a.            Provide clotting factors.

b.            Transport triglycerides.

c.             Synthesize complement proteins.

d.            Create hydrostatic pressure.

e.            Transport cholesterol.

3.            What are the primary anticoagulant mechanisms? (Select all that apply.)

a.            Antithrombin III

b.            Tissue factor pathway inhibitor

c.             Hematopoiesis

d.            Protein C

e.            Phagocytosis

4.            What does the student learn regarding the role of the endothelium in clot formation? (Select all that apply.)

a.            The surface of the endothelium produces plasma protease inhibitors.

b.            Plasma protease inhibitors assist in preventing clot formation.

c.             Thrombomodulin is a protein that is converted on the surface of endothelial cells.

d.            Protein A binds to thrombomodulin.

e.            Activated protein C enhances the adhesion ability of neutrophils.

5.            Which statements characterize albumin? (Select all that apply.)

a.            It retains sodium to maintain water balance.

b.            It provides colloid osmotic pressure.

c.             It is synthesized in the liver.

d.            It is a carrier for drugs that have low water solubility.

e.            It is a small molecule.

6.            Which nutrients are necessary for the synthesis of DNA and the maturation of erythrocytes?

(Select all that apply.)

a.            Protein

b.            Iron

c.             Cobalamin (vitamin B12)

d.            Folate

e.            Pantothenic acid

7.            Which nutrients are necessary for hemoglobin synthesis? (Select all that apply.)

a.            Protein

b.            Iron

c.             B6 (pyridoxine)

d.            Vitamin C

e.            Cobalamin (vitamin B12)

f.             Pantothenic acid