Pathophysiology Chapter 24 – Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Pathophysiology

Chapter 24: Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The initial reproductive structures of the male and female embryos appear the same until which week of gestation?

a. Third

b. Seventh

c. Twentieth

d. Thirtieth

 

2. The absence of which major hormone is a determinant of sexual differentiation (Wolffian system) in utero?

a. Estrogen

b. Progesterone

c. Growth hormone

d. Testosterone

 

3. Which gland produces the associated hormones that are found in high levels in a female fetus?

a. Posterior pituitary excretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

b. Hypothalamus excretes luteinizing hormone (LH) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

c. Anterior pituitary produces follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

d. Hypothalamus excretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH).

 

4. A mother reports that her young teens have voracious appetites. The healthcare professional would explain that which hormone is linked to an increase in appetite during puberty?

a. Inhibin

b. Leptin

c. Activin

d. Follistatin

 

5. The Skene glands are located on either side of which structure?

a. Introitus

b. Urinary meatus

c. Clitoris

d. Vestibule

 

6. What is the function of the mucus secreted by the Bartholin glands?

a. Enhancement of the motility of sperm

b. Lubrication of the urinary meatus and vestibule

c. Maintenance of an acid-base balance to discourage infection

d. Enhancement of the size of the penis during intercourse

 

7. Which change is a result of puberty and defends the vagina from infection?

a. The pH stabilizes between 7 and 8.

b. A thin squamous epithelial lining develops.

c. Vaginal pH becomes more acidic.

d. Estrogen levels are low.

 

8. What happens to the vagina’s lining at puberty?

a. It becomes thinner.

b. It becomes thicker.

c. It assumes a neutral pH.

d. It undergoes atrophy.

 

9. Which structure is lined with columnar epithelial cells?

a. Perimetrium

b. Endocervical canal

c. Myometrium

d. Vagina

 

10. Where is the usual site of fertilization of an ovum?

a. Trumpet end of the fallopian tubes

b. Fimbriae of the fallopian tubes

c. Ampulla of the fallopian tubes

d. Os of the fallopian tubes

 

11. Where is the usual site of cervical dysplasia or cancer in situ?

a. Squamous epithelium of the cervix meets the cuboidal epithelium of the vagina.

b. Columnar epithelium of the cervix meets the squamous epithelium of the uterus.

c. Squamous epithelium of the cervix meets the columnar epithelium of the uterus.

d. Columnar epithelium of the cervix meets the squamous epithelium of the vagina.

 

12. Having ejected a mature ovum, what does the ovarian follicle develop into?

a. Atretic follicle

b. Theca follicle

c. Corpus luteum

d. Functional scar

 

13. The mucosal secretions of the cervix secrete which immunoglobulin?

a. IgA

b. IgE

c. IgG

d. IgM

 

14. A surge of which hormone causes the corpus luteum to produce progesterone?

a. Follicle stimulating hormone

b. Luteinizing hormone

c. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

d. Estrogen

 

15. What directly causes ovulation during the menstrual cycle?

 a. Gradual decrease in estrogen levels

b. Sudden increase of LH

c. Sharp rise in progesterone levels

d. Gradual increase in estrogen levels

 

16. Which anatomic structure secretes follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)?

a. Hypothalamus

b. Ovaries

c. Anterior pituitary

d. Adrenal cortex

 

17. A woman attempting to conceive tells the healthcare professional that she and her partner have intercourse when her basal body temperature (BBT) is around 37?C (98?F) without getting pregnant. What information does the professional give the woman?

a. Maybe you need a fertility workup.

b. That’s a normal temperature, but during ovulation BBT decreases.

c. Temperature alone is not the most accurate way to predict ovulation.

d. BBT rises consistently above 37.8?C (100?F) with ovulation.

 

18. What structure in the male lies posterior to the urinary bladder?

a. Seminal vesicles

b. Prostate glands

c. Cowper glands

d. Parabladder glands

 

19. When do penile erections begin?

a. Before birth

b. Shortly after birth

c. Shortly before puberty

d. After puberty

 

20. What does the student learn regarding the major difference between male and female sex hormone production?

a. Luteinizing hormone has no apparent action in a man.

b. In a man, sex hormone production is relatively constant.

c. Estradiol is not produced in a man.

d. In a man, gonadotropin-releasing hormone does not cause the release of follicle

stimulating hormone.

 

21. Where in the male body does spermatogenesis occur?

a. Epididymis

b. Rete testis

c. Seminiferous tubules

d. Vas deferens

 

22. A healthcare professional is discussing breast feeding with a pregnant woman. Which beneficial substance does the professional tell the mother is found in breast milk?

a. IgA

b. IgE

c. IgG

d. IgM

 

23. Which hormone promotes the development of the lobular ducts in the breasts?

a. Progesterone

b. Prolactin

c. Oxytocin

d. Estrogen

 

24. What causes the vasomotor flushes (hot flashes) that are associated with declining ovarian function with age?

a. Decreased estrogen levels

b. Absence of estrogen

c. Increased estrogen levels

d. Rapid changes in estrogen levels

 

25. When does the male body begin to produce sperm?

a. Before birth

b. Shortly after birth

c. At puberty

d. When erection is possible

 

26. The human zygote has a total of how many chromosomes?

a. 23

b. 25

c. 46

 d. 50

 

27. Which hormone promotes the development of testosterone in both males and females?

a. Progesterone

b. Prolactin

c. Oxytocin

d. Estrogen

 

28. Which hormone relaxes the myometrium and prevents lactation until the fetus is born?

a. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

b. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

c. Progesterone

d. Estrogen

 

MULTIPLE RESPONSE

1. Estrogen has many biological effects on the female body including what? (Select all that apply.)

a. Maturation of reproductive organs

b. Differentiating female physical characteristics

c. Postpuberty closure of short bones

d. Regulation of the menstrual cycle

e. Endometrial regeneration after menstruation

 

2. Which statements are true regarding the female menstrual cycle? (Select all that apply.)

a. Initial cycles may dramatically vary in length.

b. By adulthood, the commonly accepted cycle average is 28 (27 to 30) days.

c. The length of a cycle varies among women.

d. Up to 10 years before menopause, the intervals of the menstrual cycle begin to lengthen.

e. Menopause is achieved when a woman is without a period for 2 years.

 

3. Testosterone is believed to have a role in what? (Select all that apply.)

a. Decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit

b. Libido levels

c. Acne development

d. Altered cholesterol metabolism

e. Thinning of the larynx

 

4. What are normal characteristics of aging of the male reproductive system? (Select all that apply.)

a. Reduced sperm count

b. Slower, less forceful ejaculations

c. Testicular atrophy and softening

d. Longer time to achieve full erection

e. Decreased levels of testosterone