Pathophysiology Chapter 21 – Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Pathophysiology

Chapter 21: Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. What imbalance lessens the rate of secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

a. Increased serum calcium levels

b. Decreased serum magnesium levels

c. Decreased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone

d. Increased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone

 

2. Regulation of the release of insulin is an example of which type of regulation?

a. Negative feedback

b. Positive feedback

c. Neural

d. Physiologic

 

3. A student asks the professor how a faulty negative-feedback mechanism results in a hormonal imbalance. What response by the professor is best?

a. Hormones are not synthesized in response to cellular and tissue activities.

b. Decreased hormonal secretion is a response to rising hormone levels.

c. Too little hormone production is initiated.

d. Excessive hormone production results from a failure to turn off the system.

 

4. Which substance is a water-soluble protein hormone?

a. Thyroxine

b. Aldosterone

c. Follicle-stimulating hormone

d. Insulin

 

5. Which of these is a lipid-soluble hormone?

a. Cortisol

b. Oxytocin

c. Epinephrine

d. Growth hormone

 

6. Most protein hormones are transported in the bloodstream and are what?

a. Bound to a lipid-soluble carrier

b. Free in an unbound, water-soluble form

c. Bound to a water soluble-binding protein

d. Free because of their lipid-soluble chemistry

 

7. When insulin binds its receptors on muscle cells, an increase in glucose uptake by the muscle cells is the result. This is an example of what type of effect by a hormone?

a. Pharmacologic

 b. Permissive

c. Synergistic

d. Direct

 

8. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is released to stimulate thyroid hormone (TH) and is inhibited when plasma levels of TH are adequate. What is this an example of?

a. Positive feedback

b. Negative feedback

c. Neural regulation

d. Physiologic regulation

 

9. A person wants to know if eating only plant-based foods is advisable as a way to cut cholesterol to near-zero levels. What response by the health care professional is best?

a. “No, you will become extremely malnourished.”

b. “Yes, that is an effective way to eliminate cholesterol.”

c. “No, many hormones are made from cholesterol.”

d. “Yes, that will increase the action of insulin.”

 

10. Which second messenger is stimulated by epinephrine binding to a ?-adrenergic receptor?

a. Calcium

 b. Inositol triphosphate (IP3)

c. Diacylglycerol (DAG)

d. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)

 

11. Why is the control of calcium in cells important?

a. It is controlled by the calcium negative-feedback loop.

b. It is continuously synthesized.

c. It acts as a second messenger.

d. It carries lipid-soluble hormones in the bloodstream.

 

12. What is the portion of the pituitary that secretes oxytocin?

a. Posterior

b. Inferior

c. Anterior

d. Superior

 

13. A patient is in severe shock and is receiving vasopressin. A student asks the health care professional to explain the rationale for this treatment. What response by the professional is most accurate?

a. “Antidiuretic hormone conserves fluid when urine output is less than 20 mL/hr.”

b. “Antidiuretic hormone causes serum osmolality to be increased.”

c. “Antidiuretic hormone leads to better insulin utilization.”

d. “Antidiuretic hormone causes vasoconstriction to help increase blood pressure.”

 

14. What is the target tissue for prolactin-releasing factor?

a. Hypothalamus

b. Anterior pituitary

c. Mammary glands

d. Posterior pituitary

 

15. Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) synthesized, and where does it act?

a. Hypothalamus; renal tubular cells

b. Renal tubules; renal collecting ducts

c. Anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary

d. Posterior pituitary; loop of Henle

 

16. Where is oxytocin synthesized?

a. Hypothalamus

b. Paraventricular nuclei

c. Anterior pituitary

d. Posterior pituitary

 

17. How do the releasing hormones that are made in the hypothalamus travel to the anterior pituitary?

a. Vessels of the zona fasciculata

b. Infundibular process

c. Pituitary stalk

d. Portal hypophyseal blood vessels

 

18. To ensure optimal thyroid health and function, which mineral does the health care professional advise a nutrition class to include in the daily diet?

a. Iron

b. Zinc

c. Iodide

d. Copper

 

19. Which hormone triggers uterine contractions?

a. Thyroxine

b. Oxytocin

c. Growth hormone

d. Insulin

 

20. What effect does hyperphosphatemia have on other electrolytes?

a. Increases serum calcium

b. Decreases serum calcium

c. Decreases serum magnesium

d. Increases serum magnesium

 

21. A diabetic patient has not taken insulin in several days and has an extremely high blood sugar. What electrolyte would the health care professional assess as the priority?

a. Potassium

b. Calcium

c. Sodium

d. Chloride

 

22. A person who has experienced physiologic stresses will have increased levels of which hormone?

a. Cortisol

b. Thyroid hormone

c. Somatostatin

d. Alpha endorphin

 

23. What is the action of calcitonin?

a. Increases metabolism

b. Decreases metabolism

c. Increases serum calcium

d. Decreases serum calcium

 

24. Which hormone is involved in the regulation of serum calcium levels?

a. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

b. Thyroxine (T4)

c. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

d. Triiodothyronine (T3)

 

25. Which hormone inhibits the secretion of growth hormone (GH)?

a. Somatostatin

b. Thyroxine

c. Thyroid-stimulating hormone

d. Calcitonin

 

26. Where are target cells for parathyroid hormone located?

a. Tubules of nephrons

b. Thyroid gland

c. Glomeruli of nephrons

d. Smooth and skeletal muscles

 

27. Which compound or hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla?

a. Cortisol

b. Epinephrine

c. Androgens

d. Aldosterone

 

28. What are the effects of aging on pancreatic cells?

a. Pancreatic cells are replaced by fibrotic cells.

b. Increased insulin production is typical.

c. Beta cell function decreases.

d. No appreciable change occurs on pancreatic cells.

 

29. What does aldosterone directly increase the reabsorption of?

a. Magnesium

b. Calcium

c. Sodium

d. Water

 

30. Which is an expected hormonal change in an older patient?

a. Thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion below normal

b. Triiodothyronine level below normal

c. Cortisol level below normal

d. Adrenocorticotropic hormone level above normal

 

MULTIPLE RESPONSE

1. What are actions of glucocorticoids? (Select all that apply.)

a. Decreasing muscle cell reuptake of glucose

b. Fat storage

c. Decreased blood glucose

d. Carbohydrate metabolism

e. Liver gluconeogenesis