NSG5003 MIDTERM EXAM Latest 2019 April Question # 00601972 Course Code : NSG5003 Subject: Health Care Due on: 06/05/2019 Posted On: 06/05/2019 04:27 AM Tutorials: 1 Rating: 4.9/5

NSG5003 Advanced Pathophysiology

MIDTERM EXAM

1. Stress-age syndrome directly results
in the depressed function of which system?

Respiratory

Endocrine

Digestive

Immune

Question 2. Which predominantly female valvular
disorder is thought to have an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern and is
thought to be associated with connective tissue disease?

Mitral valve prolapse

Tricuspid stenosis

Tricuspid valve prolapse

Aortic insufficiency

Question 3. Sitting up in a forward-leaning
position generally relieves which breathing disorder?

Hyperpnea

Orthopnea

Apnea

Dyspnea on exertion

Question 4. Which intracardiac pressure is generated
by atrial contraction?

A wave

C wave

Y descent

X descent

Question 5. Which
T-lymphocyte phenotype is the key determinant of childhood asthma?

CD4 helper T 1 (Th1) lymphocytes

CD4 helper T 2 (Th2) lymphocytes

CD8 cytotoxic T (Tc) lymphocytes

Memory T lymphocytes

Question 6. Occlusion of the left anterior
descending artery during a myocardial infarction (MI) would interrupt blood
supply to which structures?

Left and right ventricles and much of the
interventricular septum

Left atrium and the lateral wall of the left
ventricle

Upper-right ventricle, right marginal branch,
and right ventricle to the apex

Posterior interventricular sulcus and the
smaller branches of both ventricles

Question 7. In regulating vascular mediators
released from mast cells, the role of eosinophils is to release

Arylsulfatase B, which stimulates the
formation of B lymphocytes

Histaminase, which limits the effects of
histamine during acute inflammation

Lysosomal enzymes, which activate mast cell
degranulation during acute inflammation

Immunoglobulin E (IgE), which defends the body
against parasites

Question 8. Which statement is believed to be true
concerning helper T 2 (Th2) cells?

Th2 cells are induced by antigens derived from
allergens.

They are induced by antigens derived from
cancer cells.

Th2 cells produce IL-2, tumor necrosis factor–beta
(TNF-?), and Interferon-gamma (IFN-?).

Th2 cells assist in the development of
cell-mediated immunity.

Question 9. Which
statement is true regarding ventilation?

Hypoventilation causes hypocapnia.

Hyperventilation causes hypercapnia.

Hyperventilation causes hypocapnia.

Hyperventilation results in an increased
partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2).

Question
10. Which cell has a role in developing
cell-mediated immunity?

Helper T 1 (Th1)

CD4

CD8

Helper T 2 (Th2)

Question
11. Neurotransmitters affect the
postsynaptic membrane by binding to:

Lipids

Ribosomes

Amphipathic lipids

Receptors

Question
12. Superior vena cava syndrome is a
result of a progressive increase of which process?

Inflammation

Occlusion

Distention

Sclerosis

Question
13. Which criterion is used to
confirm a diagnosis of asthma in an eight-year-old child?

Parental history of asthma

Serum testing that confirms increased
immunoglobulin E (IgE) and eosinophil levels

Reduced expiratory flow rates confirmed by
spirometry testing

Improvement on a trial of asthma medication

Question
14. Which compensatory mechanism is
spontaneously used by children diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot to relieve
hypoxic spells?

They lie on their left sides.

They perform the Valsalva maneuver.

They squat.

They hyperventilate.

Question
15. Which mode of chemical signaling
uses blood to transport communication to cells some distance away

Paracrine

Autocrine

Neurotransmitter

Hormonal

Question
16. When a mucous gland cell creates
a new substance from previously absorbed material, this process is known as
which specialized cellular function?

Excretion

Metabolic absorption

Reproduction

Secretion

Question
17. Which statement is true regarding
hypoxemia?

Hypoxemia results in the increased oxygenation
of arterial blood.

Respiratory alterations cause hypoxemia.

Hypoxemia results in the decreased oxygenation
of tissue cells.

Various system changes cause hypoxemia.

Question
18. Which enzyme is secreted by the
juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney when the circulating blood volume is reduced?

Angiotensin I

Angiotensin II

Aldosterone

Renin

Question
19. During cell injury caused by
hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because:

Potassium moves out of the cell, and potassium
and sodium are inversely related.

The pump that transports sodium out of the
cell cannot function because of a decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
levels.

The osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls
additional sodium across the cell membrane.

Oxygen is not available to bind with sodium to
maintain it outside of the cell.

Question
20. Passive transport is best
described by which of the following statements?

It is driven by osmosis, hydrostatic pressure,
and diffusion.

It involves receptors that can bind with
substances being transported.

It refers to being capable of transporting
macromolecules.

It requires energy generated by the cell.

Question
21. What causes the rapid change in
the resting membrane potential to initiate an action potential?

Potassium gates open and potassium rushes into
the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive.

Sodium gates open and sodium rushes into the
cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive.

Sodium gates close, allowing potassium into
the cell to change the membrane potential from positive to negative.

Potassium gates close, allowing sodium into
the cell to change the membrane potential from positive to negative.

Question
22. In a type III hypersensitivity
reaction, the harmful effects after the immune complexes are deposited in
tissues are a result of:

Cytotoxic T (Tc) cells

Natural killer (NK) cells

Complement activation

Degranulation of mast cells

Question
23. Blood transfusion reactions are
an example of:

Autoimmunity

Alloimmunity

Homoimmunity

Hypersensitivity

Question
24. Which receptors are located in
the smooth muscles of airways?

Central chemoreceptors

Stretch receptors

Peripheral chemoreceptors

J-receptors

Question
25. Which statement is true regarding
maternal antibodies provided to the neonate?

The antibodies enter into the fetal
circulation by means of active transport.

The antibodies are transferred to the fetus
via the lymphatic system.

The antibodies are directly related to the
mother’s nutritional intake.

The antibodies reach protective levels after
approximately six months of age.

Question
26. Which characteristic is the most
important determinant of immunogenicity when considering the antigen

Size

Foreignness

Complexity

Quantity

Question
27. The abnormal proliferation of
cells in response to excessive hormonal stimulation is called:

Dysplasia

Pathologic dysplasia

Hyperplasia

Pathologic hyperplasia

Question
28. Which statement about exotoxins
is true?

Exotoxins are contained in cell walls of
gram-negative bacteria.

Exotoxins are released during the lysis of
bacteria.

Exotoxins are able to initiate the complement
and coagulation cascades.

Exotoxins are released during bacterial
growth.

Question
29. What is the first stage in the
infectious process?

Invasion

Colonization

Spread

Multiplication

Question
30. Chvostek
and Trousseau signs indicate which electrolyte imbalance?

Hypokalemia

Hyperkalemia

Hypocalcemia

Hypercalcemia

Question
31. Understanding the various steps
of proteolytic cascades, such as caspase-mediated apoptosis and complement
cascades, may be useful in designing drug therapy for which human diseases?

Cardiac and vascular disorders

Autoimmune and malignant disorders

Gastrointestinal and renal disorders

Endocrine and gastrointestinal disorders

Question
32. Vaccinations are able to provide
protection against certain microorganisms because of the:

Strong response from IgM

Level of protection provided by immunoglobulin
G (IgG)

Memory cells for immunoglobulin E (IgE)

Rapid response from immunoglobulin A (IgA)

Question
33. The fluid mosaic model explains:

How a cell membrane functions

Why our bodies appear to be solid

How tissue is differentiated

How fluid moves between the intracellular and
extracellular compartments

Question
34. During which phase of the cell
cycle is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesized?

G1

S

G2

M

Question
35. A person with type O blood is
considered to be a universal blood donor because type O blood contains

No antigens

No antibodies

Both A and B antigens

Both A and B antibodies

Question
36. Which option shows the correct
sequence of events after atelectasis develops in respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
of the newborn?

Increased pulmonary vascular resistance,
atelectasis, and hypoperfusion

Hypoxic vasoconstriction and right-to-left
shunt hypoperfusion

Respiratory acidosis, hypoxemia, and
hypercapnia

Right-to-left shunt, hypoxic vasoconstriction,
and hypoperfusion

Question
37. Most cardiovascular developments
occur between which weeks of gestation?

Fourth and seventh weeks

Eighth and tenth weeks

Twelfth and fourteenth weeks

Fifteenth and seventeenth weeks

Question
38. Which component of the plasma
protein system tags pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils
and macrophages?

Complement cascade

Coagulation system

Kinin system

Immune system

Question
39. Carbon monoxide causes tissue
damage by:

Competing with carbon dioxide so that it
cannot be excreted

Binding to hemoglobin so that it cannot carry
oxygen

Destroying the chemical bonds of hemoglobin so
it cannot carry oxygen

Removing iron from hemoglobin so it cannot
carry oxygen

Question
40. What is the role of vascular
endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in
cell metastasis?

To stimulate growth of nearby tumor cells

To develop new blood vessels to feed cancer
cells

To prevent cancer cells from escaping
apoptosis

To act as a chemical gradient to guide cells
to blood vessels