The initial post must include responses to all the questions in this discussion.
Ms. A, age 35, was given a Pap test during a routine medical checkup. The test showed marked dysplasia of cervical cells but no sign of infection.
Discuss the purposes and uses of diagnostic testing and how it applies in this scenario.
Discuss how the following terms might apply to this scenario: prognosis, latent stage, remission, exacerbations, predisposing factors.
Compare and contrast the various types of common cellular adaptations, focusing on dysplasia and the testing for this condition.
Mrs. A’s baby girl, Baby C, who is 3 months old, has had severe watery diarrhea accompanied by fever for 24 hours. She is apathetic and responds weakly to stimulation. The condition has been diagnosed as viral gastroenteritis.
List the major losses resulting from diarrhea and fever.
List other signs or data that would provide helpful information.
Explain several reasons why infants become dehydrated very quickly.
Baby C was tested for PKU shortly after birth (as required by law), the results indicated toxic levels of phenylalanine breakdown products in the blood.
Explain how dietary changes can affect the expression of PKU.
Discuss the cause of the disease and the probable percentages of inheritance of the disease in children the couple might have in the future.
Weekly Outcomes
Weekly Objectives
Relate alterations in structure and function of cells and tissue development. (CO 1)
Trace the impact of alterations in defense mechanisms on homeostasis. (CO 2)
Summarize the impact of altered defenses on the individual. (CO 3)
Describe steps to achieve success in the course.
Introduce pathophysiologic concepts and principles.
Understand and use medical terminology when discussing pathophysiologic conditions.
Discuss normal cell and tissue development and disease progression.
Explain carcinogenesis, risk factors, stages of tumor development, and preventive strategies.
Describe the process of cellular development and alterations based on external environmental and genetic factors.
Explain how fluids and electrolytes are used by the body to adapt and maintain physiologic homeostasis.
Apply growth and development principles as they relate to the impact of aging on normal pathophysiologic changes.
Discuss the role genetics and aging plays in the process of cellular adaptation, mutation, and dysplasia.
Main Topics and Concepts
Sub-Concepts with Exemplar
Introduction to Pathophysiology
Fluid Electrolyte and Acid-Base Imbalances
Alterations in Cell and Tissue Development
Cellular Adaptation
Cellular Injury
Cellular Response to Aging
Genetic Influences
Neoplasms and Cancer
Congenital and Genetic Disorders
Pathological processes in structure and function
Cancers and Genetic Influences
Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance: Dehydration
Acid-Base Balance: Buffering Systems for Respiratory Versus Metabolic Imbalances
Cellular Adaptation: Cellular dysplasia, hyperplasia, and injury
Genetic Disorders: Cystic Fibrosis
Growth and Development: Congenital Disorders
Health Promotion: Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Prevention
NR283 Pathophysiology
Week 2 Discussion
J.L
The initial post must include responses to all the questions in this discussion.
JL, a 50-year-old woman, was camping with her 3 children and spouse, fell and broke the left tibia at the ankle. She is in the emergency department, waiting for the fracture to be immobilized. The leg hurts and she note that the ankle is swelling. A diagnosis of a simple fracture and sprain (damage to ligaments) is made.
Discussion Questions
What is the cause of pain and swelling? What can JL expect in the days to come as inflammation resolves and healing begins?
What is the rationale for immobilizing the fractured bone?
JL’s son Matt, age 10 years, has a runny nose and itchy eyes and is irritable. The camping tent was set up in a grassy field, and the boys played several games on the field. Matt is also seen by a health care provider and a diagnosis of allergy to pollen is made.
Explain the rationale for each of Matt’s symptoms.
Identify the type of immune response involved.
Discuss what Matt can expect in the future.
Weekly Outcomes
Weekly Objectives
Explore alterations in structure and function of defense mechanisms. (COs 1 and 3)
Trace the impact of alterations in defense mechanisms on homeostasis. (CO 2)
Summarize the impact of altered defenses on the individual. (CO 3)
Understand inflammation, healing, infection, immunity, and neoplasms and cancer.
Apply growth and development principles as they relate to the impact of aging on the pathophysiologic changes.
Compare and contrast processes of inflammatory and healing processes, alterations in immune responses, and pathological processes of the immune system.
Apply understanding of alterations in inflammatory and healing processes and across the lifespan to formulate care priorities.
Describe how genetics influence pathophysiological alterations in healing, immunologic responses, and integumentary system.
Explain carcinogenesis, risk factors, stages of tumor development, and preventive strategies.
Main Topics and Concepts
Sub-Concepts with Exemplar
Alterations in inflammation and healing processes
Environmental influences on lines of defense
Alterations in immunity and immune responses
Neoplasms and cancer
Stress and associated problems
Cellular adaptation: squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, and Kaposi’s sarcoma
Fluids and electrolytes: dehydration and age considerations across the lifespan
Immunity: inflammatory skin disorders
Infection: wounds; abscess; viral and fungal; respiratory
Inflammation: acute and chronic conditions
Metabolism: negative nitrogen balance and protein deficiencies
Mobility and immobility: age, pain, cancer; fractures and osteoarthritis
Nutrition: vitamin deficiencies; anorexia
Oxygenation: anemia and hemoglobin and hematocrit levels
Perfusion: diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis
Sensory perception: cataracts
NR283 Pathophysiology
Week 3 Discussion
Skin and Respiratory System Disorders
The initial post must include responses to all the questions in this discussion.
Mr. J, age 42, is a construction worker in Las Vegas who lives with his daughter and grandson, Sammy. He recently noticed that a mole on his face seemed to be getting larger and darker. At first, he did not worry because he was in the sun a lot and assumed the change may have been caused by sunburn. After a month, not only was the mole larger and darker, but it appeared to be “bumpy.” His doctor diagnosed a malignant melanoma skin cancer following biopsy of the nevus. Mr. J reports pain in his right shin that does not go away when he puts his feet up or sleeps.
Discussion Questions
Relate Mr. J’s skin changes to the warning signs for malignant melanoma.
Discuss the normal progression of this malignancy. What is the significance of the bone pain that Mr. J is experiencing?
Discuss the treatment available for this patient and the prognosis for recovery.
Discussion Questions
Mr. J is babysitting his grandson Sammy, age 3 years, who ate his dinner and then said his tummy hurt. Mr. J suggested he lie down in the adjacent room while his parents finished dinner. A few minutes later, Mr. J heard Sammy vomiting. He rushed in to lift Sammy up. When vomiting ceased, he noticed Sammy continued to cough and seemed to be choking. He was struggling to breathe, and a wheezing sound was obvious. It appeared that he had aspirated some vomitus. Mr. J drove him to a nearby hospital for examination.
Discuss the specific effects of aspirating vomitus on Sammy, including the probable effects on his bronchi and lungs. Why might one lung be affected more than the other?
Discuss the pathophysiologic changes causing the signs and symptoms and any tests required to clarify the effects on Sammy.
Suggest some reasons for Sammy’s difficulty breathing and wheezing.
Discuss the potential complications of aspiration of vomitus.
Weekly Outcomes
Weekly Objectives
Articulate alterations in structure and function of the respiratory and integumentary systems. (CO 1)
Trace the impact that alterations in the respiratory and integumentary systems have on the body. (CO 2)
Summarize the impact of alterations in the respiratory and integumentary systems on homeostasis. (CO 3)
Understand normal respiratory and integumentary system disorders.
Compare and contrast common respiratory and integumentary disorders: causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and treatments.
Apply understanding of alterations in respiratory and integumentary systems across the lifespan to formulate care priorities.
Examine responses to aging and its impact on pathophysiologic changes in the respiratory and integumentary systems.
Describe how heredity and genetics influence pathophysiological alterations in the cardiovascular and integumentary systems.
Examine factors leading to cancers of the respiratory and integumentary systems.
Main Topics and Concepts
Sub-Concepts with Exemplar
Alterations in the respiratory system: Oxygenation
Pathological processes in structures and functions
Cancers of the respiratory system
Pathophysiologic respiratory system response to aging
Genetic influences on respiratory system pathology
Alterations in the integumentary system (skin disorders)
Pathological processes of the integumentary system
Infection: wounds; abscess; viral and fungal rashes
Inflammation: skin infection; skin irritation
NR283 Pathophysiology
Week 4 Discussion
Mr. X
The initial post must include responses to all the questions in both case studies.
Mr. X, age 57, presented to his physician with marked fatigue, nausea with occasional diarrhea, and a sore, swollen tongue. Lately he also has been experiencing a tingling feeling in his toes and a feeling of clumsiness. Microscopic examination of a blood sample indicated a reduced number of erythrocytes, many of which are megaloblasts, and a reduced number of leukocytes, including many large, hypersegmented cells. Hemoglobin and serum levels of vitamin B12 were below normal. Additional tests confirm pernicious anemia.
Discussion Questions
Relate the pathophysiology of pernicious anemia to the manifestations listed above.
Discuss how the gastric abnormalities contribute to vitamin B12 and iron deficiency and how vitamin B12 deficiency causes complications associated with pernicious anemia.
Discuss other tests that could be performed to diagnose this type of anemia.
Discuss the treatment available and the limitations.
Ms. L, a 19-year-old woman with no previous medical history, was involved in a serious automobile accident in which her best friend died. Examination by EMT personnel first on the scene revealed she had only minor scrapes and bruises and no sign of head trauma. While en route by ambulance to the hospital, Ms. L complained of thirst and appeared restless. Further examination indicated a rapid pulse and respirations, with her blood pressure now at 100/60 mm Hg. She appeared less responsive to the paramedics. She was slipping into circulatory shock as they checked her again for internal injuries.
Discussion Questions
Discuss the contributing factors to shock in this case and the pathophysiologic changes causing the changes in vital signs.
Discuss the signs and symptoms of shock, including the rationale for each, as seen in the early stage, and as compensation mechanisms respond.
Discuss emergency and follow-up treatment for shock and for complications that may arise if not treated quickly.
Compare the types of shock, giving a specific cause, classification, and any significant changes in onset or manifestations.
Weekly Outcomes
Weekly Objectives
Articulate alterations in structure and function of the cardiovascular and hematologic systems. (CO 1)
Trace the impact that alterations in the cardiovascular and hematologic systems have on the body. (CO 2)
Summarize the impact of alterations in the cardiovascular and hematologic systems on homeostasis. (CO 3)
Understand normal cardiovascular system disorders.
Compare and contrast common cardiovascular conditions: causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and treatments.
Apply understanding of alterations in and cardiovascular systems across the lifespan to formulate care priorities.
Examine responses to aging and its impact on pathophysiologic changes in the cardiovascular system.
Describe how heredity and genetics influence pathophysiological alterations in the cardiovascular system.
Understand hematologic response to illness and injury.
Examine factors leading to cancers of the hematologic system.
Compare and contrast common types of anemias: causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and treatments.
Apply understanding of alterations in the hematologic system across the lifespan to formulate care priorities.
Apply growth and development principles as they relate to the impact of aging on pathophysiologic changes.
Describe how genetics influence pathophysiological alterations in the hematologic system.
Main Topics and Concepts
Sub-Concepts with Exemplar
Alterations in the cardiovascular system: perfusion
Alterations in physical structures and functions
Alterations in cardiac system function
Pathophysiologic cardiovascular system response to aging
Congenital and genetic influences on cardiovascular system pathology
Alterations in the hematology system
Hematologic response to illness and injury
Cancers of the hematologic system
Pathophysiologic hematologic system response to aging
Genetic influences on hematologic system pathology
The initial post must include responses to all the questions in both case studies.
Ms. F, 48 years old, has been admitted to the hospital with severe abdominal pain. Earlier that day she had generalized abdominal pain, followed by a severe pain in the lower right quadrant of her abdomen, accompanied by nausea and vomiting. That evening she was feeling slightly improved and the pain seemed to subside somewhat. Later that night, severe, steady abdominal pain developed, with vomiting. A friend took her to the hospital, where examination demonstrated lower right quadrant tenderness and mild abdominal rigidity. Fever and leukocytosis indicated infection. A diagnosis of acute appendicitis, with possible perforation, was indicated, with immediate surgery.
Discussion Questions
Why is the sequence of pain (location and type of pain) significant in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis? Describe the rational for each type of pain. Does this sequence confirm the diagnosis?
Using the pathophysiology, describe the reason for:
the pain subsiding and then recurring.
leukocytosis and fever.
abdominal rigidity.
Ms. T, age 28 years, has noticed urgency, frequency, and dysuria recently, as well as an unusual odor to the urine. Urinalysis indicated a heavy concentration of Escherichia coli in the urine, some pus, and WBCs. Ms. T was prescribed antibiotics, which she took for the first few days. This seemed to give her relief, but she then stopped taking the medication. Within a few days, the symptoms returned, but she decided to “just live with it.”
Discussion Questions
Explain why women are predisposed to cystitis.
What preventive measures are important in reducing recurrence?
Discuss other signs and symptoms that may indicate cystitis.
What potential problems may she experience if she does not adhere to the treatment prescribed?
Weekly Outcomes
Weekly Objectives
Articulate alterations in structure and function of the renal and digestive systems. (CO 1)
Trace the impact that alterations in the renal and digestive systems have on the body. (CO 2)
Summarize the impact of alterations in the renal and digestive systems on homeostasis. (CO 3)
Understand normal renal and digestive system physiology.
Describe common types of renal disorders: causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and treatments.
Compare and contrast common renal conditions: causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and treatments.
Apply understanding of alterations in the renal and digestive system across the lifespan to formulate care priorities.
Discuss the renal system’s role in acid-base balance.
Review the renal systems function in fluid and electrolyte homeostasis
Examine responses to aging and its impact on pathophysiologic changes in the renal and digestive systems.
Describe how heredity and genetics influence pathophysiological alterations in the renal and digestive systems.
Main Topics and Concepts
Sub-Concepts with Exemplar
Alterations in the renal and urologic system: elimination
Alterations in physical structure
Alterations in function
Cancers of the renal and urinary tract systems
Pathophysiologic renal and urologic response to aging
Genetic influences on renal and urologic system pathology
Alterations in the gastrointestinal system: elimination
Alterations in physical structures
Alterations in function
Cancers of the gastrointestinal system
Pathophysiologic gastrointestinal response to aging
Genetic influences on gastrointestinal system pathology
Acid-base imbalance: urinalysis, blood testing
Acute versus chronic conditions
Renal failure
Constipation
Cellular regulation: colon cancer
Fluid imbalances: dialysis
Metabolism: digestion and absorption, liver disease
Infection: pyelonephritis, urinary tract infection, hepatitis C
Genetics: polycystic kidney disease, colon polyps
NR283 Pathophysiology
Week 6 Discussion
Mrs. A
The initial post must include responses to all the questions in both case studies.
Mrs. A has been taking high doses of glucocorticoids for much of the past 2 years to control severe rheumatoid arthritis. She has now developed hypertension and type 2 diabetes and would like to stop taking the cortisone because of the unwanted changes in her appearance.
Discussion Questions
How does Cushing’s syndrome affect the individual?
Discuss how hypertension and diabetes have developed and the potential complications of these conditions.
Discuss other potential problems that Mrs. A may experience resulting from long-term use of glucocorticoids.
Mrs. L is a 63-year-old woman who reports constant back pain. Further inquiry into her medical history revealed that over the past 3 years, she has suffered fractures of her femur and wrist after minor falls. She experienced menopause at age 49. Mrs. L has a secretarial job, drives to work, and she “does not have time for exercise.” She reports that she consumes 8 to 10 cups of coffee a day and has been a smoker most of her adult life. She has not seen her physician recently nor had a recommended bone density test because of the time and cost involved.
Discussion Questions
Relate Mrs. L’s history to the diagnosis of osteoporosis. What risk factors are present, and how does each predispose to decreased bone density?
Explain the cause of pathological fractures in this patient.
How could osteoporosis have been prevented in Mrs. L?
Discuss the treatments available to the patient.
Weekly Outcomes
Weekly Objectives
Articulate alterations in structure and function of the endocrine and musculoskeletal systems. (CO 1)
Trace the impact that alterations in the endocrine and musculoskeletal systems have on the body. (CO 2)
Summarize the impact of alterations in the endocrine and musculoskeletal systems on homeostasis. (CO 3)
Understand normal endocrine and musculoskeletal system physiology.
Describe common types of endocrine and musculoskeletal system disorders: causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and treatments.
Compare and contrast common endocrine and musculoskeletal conditions: causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and treatments.
Apply understanding of alterations in the endocrine and musculoskeletal system across the lifespan to formulate care priorities.
Review the musculoskeletal systems function in bone formation, degradation, and homeostasis.
Examine responses to aging and its impact on pathophysiologic changes in the endocrine and musculoskeletal systems.
Describe how heredity and genetics influence pathophysiological alterations in the endocrine and musculoskeletal systems.
Main Topics and Concepts
Sub-Concepts with Exemplar
Alterations in the endocrine system
Alterations in physical structures
Alterations in function
Cancers of the endocrine system
Pathophysiologic endocrine response to aging
Genetic influences on endocrine system pathology
Alterations in musculoskeletal system
Alterations in physical structures
Alterations in function
Cancers of the musculoskeletal system
Pathophysiologic musculoskeletal response to aging
Genetic influences on musculoskeletal system pathology
Acid-base imbalance: diabetic ketoacidosis
Acute versus chronic conditions
Thyroid storm
Hyperthyroidism
Cellular regulation: bone degeneration and regeneration
Fluid and electrolyte imbalances: posterior pituitary gland disorders
Pain: osteoarthritis
Functional mobility: muscular dystrophy
Glucose regulation: Cushing’s syndrome
Tissue integrity: diabetic foot ulceration
Inflammation: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Genetics: osteoporosis
NR283 Pathophysiology
Week 7 Discussion
A
The initial post must include responses to all the questions in both case studies.
A 28-year-old soldier returns from Iraq and begins experiencing periodic bouts of anxiety. She complains that she wakes up frequently and cannot get a full night of sleep. Recently, she also has been getting frequent headaches and noticed a few ulcers in her mouth. A physical examination and lab tests do not reveal any local or systemic disease.
Discussion Questions
Based on the patient history and the signs and symptoms, discuss how stress is related to her condition.
Discuss other stress-related problems that this patient might experience if her coping strategies are not effective.
Discuss the potential strategies for coping with the stress.
Mr. K is a 32-year-old man who was found in his apartment at 2 AM, babbling incoherently and apparently experiencing hallucinations. His friends report that he had been to a party that night and, since the recent breakup of his marriage and loss of his job, he tends to overdo it at social events. They report that during the evening, he consumed very little alcohol but did take a small pill given to him by another partygoer. Paramedics could find no puncture marks and no powder in or around the nose, but his blood pressure was elevated, as was his body temperature. He appeared dehydrated and agitated.
Discussion Questions
Based on patient history, reports from his friends, and the signs and symptoms noted by the paramedics, identify substances that Mr. K might have consumed.
Based on patient history, discuss the social factors that predisposed him to substance abuse.
Discuss any additional problems that he might encounter if he continues his present course of substance abuse.
Weekly Outcomes
Weekly Objectives
Articulate alterations in structure and function of the neurosensory system. (CO 1)
Trace the impact that alterations in the neurosensory system have on the body. (CO 2)
Summarize the impact of alterations in the neurosensory system on homeostasis. (CO 3)
Understand normal neurosensory system physiology.
Describe common types of neurosensory disorders: causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and treatments.
Compare and contrast common neurosensory conditions: causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and treatments.
Apply understanding of alterations in the neurosensory system across the lifespan to formulate care priorities.
Review the neurosensory systems function in pain creation and management.
Examine responses to aging and its impact on pathophysiologic changes in the neurosensory system.
Discuss neurosensory changes in the elderly and its effects on lifestyle.
Describe how heredity and genetics influence pathophysiological alterations in the neurosensory system.
Main Topics and Concepts
Subconcepts With Exemplar
Alterations in nervous system
Alte
Order a similar assignment, and have writers from our team of experts write it for you, guaranteeing you an A
Question NSG451 Professional Nursing Leadership Perspectives Week 1 Assignment Leadership Theories in Practice Initiating best practices and effective strategies for innovation begins with highly effective interprofessional communication. One way to begin to establish yourself as a leader is to stay abreast of theories and evolving strategies and then inviting others to help you realize them…
Question NU646: Theory and Practice of Contemporary Psychotherapies Week 2 Discussion 1: Personal Triggers Reflection What are some specific topic areas that have the potential to trigger countertransference for you? How can you identify your triggers and potential reactions to manage your own countertransference as a therapist? In psychoanalytic theory, how are transference and countertransference…
Question You are to approach this clinical scenario as if it is a real patient in the clinical setting. Instructions: Step 1 – Read the assigned clinical scenario and using your clinical reasoning skills, decide on the diagnoses. This step informs your next steps. Step 2 – Document the given information in the case scenario under the…
Question NU650 Advanced Health Assessment Week 3 Assignment Written Health History Overview The purpose of this assignment is for you to obtain and document a comprehensive health history. Please refer to the Grading Rubric for details on how this activity will be graded. To Complete Your Assignment: Identify a patient in the clinical setting…
Question NRS410 Pathophysiology and Nursing Management of Client’s Health Week 5 Discussion DQ1 Describe some of the more common pathophysiological changes and abnormal findings associated with musculoskeletal, metabolic, and multisystem health dysfunctions. Explain what symptoms are associated with the findings and how these affect patient function. DQ2 Explain the risk factors for osteoporosis. What…
Question NURS4685 BSN CAPSTONE Module 3 Reflective Journal Each week, record your experiences, connections to your course goals, and reflections as they relate to the given prompts and/or your course project.You must record one entry each week, but may record more (insert rows as needed). You may find it helpful and rewarding to record…
