FRANU PSYC3340 Week 5 Exam 2

Question 1After the group discusses a topic, the number of
the members expressing a specific view increases while the number of members
expressing the dissenting view decreases. This is an example of

Select one:

a. merging

b. consolidation

c. clustering

d. correlation

e. continuing
diversity

Question 2During the Korean War, the Chinese apparently
influenced U.N. POWs by asking them to perform small, petty actions such as
writing an essay explaining why communism was good. Later, their requests
escalated as they asked for larger and larger concessions. This method of
influence is similar to the ____ technique.

Select one:

a. highballing

b. door in the face

c. lowballing

d. idiosyncrasy
credit

e. foot in the
door

Question 3According to social impact theory, conformity
pressures ___ at a(n) ___ rate as more people join the majority.

Select one:

a. decrease;
increasing

b. decrease; constant

c. increase;
decreasing

d. increase; constant

Question 4Studies suggest that social loafing can be avoided
if

Select one:

a. group members are
reminded to “give their all.”

b. group members are
trained to better coordinate their combined efforts.

c. the leader is
strong.

d. individuals’
contributions to the group product are identifiable.

Question 5Joe, Meagan, Allison, and Timothy are classmates
who must complete a major course assignment, as a group, by April 15th. During
the first meeting, held on February 15th, they make plans for completing the project.
Studies of the planning fallacy suggest they will

Select one:

a. underestimate the
amount of time the group will need to complete its work.

b. spend much of
their time thinking about problems that might slow their progress.

c. overestimate the
amount of time the group will need to complete its work.

d. waste too much
time planning out who will do what and when.

e. make more accurate
time estimates as a group than each one would if making plans individually.

Question 6Social comparison, heuristics, and cognitive
elaboration are aspects of ___ influence.

Select one:

a. personal

b. normative

c. interpersonal

d. informational

e. compliance

Question 7Social ___ is an interpersonal process that
changes the thoughts, feelings, or behaviors of another person.

Select one:

a. comparison

b. motivation

c. influence

d. divulgence

e. majority

Question 8Studies on jury size show that

Select one:

a. large juries
participate at equal rates and are more cohesive.

b. small juries reach
the same type of verdicts as large juries.

c. 6 person juries
are just as representative of the community as 12 person juries.

d. a 5 to 1 vote is
the same as a 10 to 2 vote.

Question 9The bystander effect predicts that

Select one:

a. people often
refuse help to maintain equity in the social relationship.

b. helping behavior
increases as physical proximity decreases.

c. people are more
likely to help in groups than when they are alone.

d. people are less
likely to help in groups than when they are alone.

Question 10When will a group NOT listen to the minority?

Select one:

a. When group members
are meeting for the first time and discussing ideas.

b. If the minority
tries to present a non-obvious solution to the problem at hand.

c. If minorities
consistently argue and stand strong on their point of view.

d. When the group
members identify strongly with the group and fear the minority may undermine
their social identity.

Question 11A loud voice, interrupting others, and sitting at
the head of the table are all examples of ____ behavior.

Select one:

a. dominance

b. ineffective

c. emotional

d. unfriendly

e. feminine

Question 12A study by Kipnis in which college students acted
as managers in a simulated industrial situation found that powerful managers

Select one:

a. attributed their
success to themselves rather than the efforts of their workers.

b. liked the workers
more than the powerless managers.

c. used fewer, but
more powerful, attempts at influence.

d. refuse to
manipulate their workers.

Question 13A(n) ____ reaction is to high power as a(n) ___
reaction is to low power.

Select one:

a. need for Power;
need for Affiliation

b. mandate; oligarchy

c. inhibitory;
approach

d. defensive,
offensive

e. approach;
inhibitory

Question 14Americans fear terrorist attacks by Muslims
against America. If Americans fall prey to the Fundamental Attribution Error,
they will conclude

Select one:

a. All Muslims are
committed to expanding their world domination by violence.

b. American
aggression forced the Islamic world to protect itself.

c. Conflict between
religious groups is inevitable.

d. Most Muslims are
peaceful people coerced into violence by their malevolent leaders.

Question 15Carl is a 27-year-old who has worked for 10 years
with software development and hardware installation. When the group must decide
what type of network to install, they listen to everything Carl says and make
the choice he recommends. According to expectation-states theory, Carl achieved
high status in this group because of his ___ status characteristics.

Select one:

a. ascribed

b. potential

c. diffuse

d. specific

e. ideal

Question 16Cathy influences people by dropping hints,
ingratiation, and evasion. Her tactics are

Select one:

a. rational

b. strong.

c. bilateral

d. indirect

Question 17Fred decides that other group members are right,
so he changes his mind and comes to believe in the group’s position. This
change is BEST described as

Select one:

a. conformity.

b. anticonformity.

c. compliance.

d. conversion.

e. independence.

Question 18Ed, who has little status, says he’ll get the
boss to fire you if you don’t support his ideas. Ed is using ____ power.

Select one:

a. referent

b. coercive

c. reward

d. legitimate

e. informational

Question 19Milgram found that

Select one:

a. very few people
are willing to obey another person if it will lead to harm.

b. most people who
obeyed did so happily.

c. approximately 65%
of his subjects were highly obedient.

d. only authoritarian
persons are willing to obey.

Question 20Through election, I am unanimously selected to be
leader. I have ____ power.

Select one:

a. legitimate

b. referent

c. reward

d. coercive

e. expert

Question 21″I think a good leader should be
intelligent, responsible, competitive, and well-balanced.” I probably take
a(n) ___ approach to leadership.

Select one:

a. trait

b. interactionism

c. transactional

d. situationism

Question 22According to the text, which statement is true?

Select one:

a. Asian Americans
tend to be selected to lead groups when ethnic diversity is high.

b. A lone man in an
otherwise all-woman group tends to become the group’s leader.

c. In mixed-sex
groups, women tend to display more leadership behaviors than men.

d. Women who are
dominant are usually considered to be good leaders.

e. When a man and a
woman vie for leadership in a group, the woman usually wins.

Question 23An evolutionary approach to leadership suggests
that

Select one:

a. leaders in
prehistoric times dominated others through force and continual physical
violence.

b. followers tend to
favor male leaders in intergroup conflict situations, but female leaders in
situations involving intragroup conflict.

c. people
instinctively select leaders with qualities that will undermine their
effectiveness as leaders (the mismatch hypothesis).

d. in prehistoric
times women tended to be the group leaders, whereas men were the group workers
and hunters.

Question 24Jill works at an advertising agency, and she is
skilled in creating new, refreshing, innovative ad campaigns. She will likely
be promoted to a leadership position if she has elevated scores on the ___
dimension of the Big Five inventory.

Select one:

a. agreeableness’

b. prudence

c. openness to
experience

d. neuroticism

e. extraversion

Question 25Leader-member exchange theory, or LMX, unlike
other theories of leadership stresses the

Select one:

a. group members’
perceptions of their leader.

b. how the leader
adjusts to situational demands.

c. leaders ability to
enhance, or transform, group members’ motivational levels.

d. quality of the
relationship between the leader and each of his or her subordinates.

e. leader’s emphasis
on task versus socioemotional demands.

Question 26Leadership is best defined as

Select one:

a. an innate skill in
taking charge.

b. manipulating
others to do one’s bidding.

c. knowing how to
work well with people.

d. guidance of others
in their pursuits.

e. power over people.

Question 27Meta-analytic review (Judge, Piccolo, &
Ilies, 2004) indicates that relationship leadership is most strongly associated
with

Select one:

a. follower job
satisfaction

b. leader
effectiveness

c. group performance

d. follower
satisfaction with the leader

e. follower
motivation

Question 28Most researchers now believe that

Select one:

a. leadership is an
inborn talent.

b. a good leader in
one group will be a good leader in another group.

c. some people are
born with characteristics that make them good leaders.

d. a leader’s
effectiveness depends on the leader, group members, and the situation.

Question 29Studies of personality and leadership suggest
that leaders tend to be

Select one:

a. physically
attractive, strong, and well-groomed.

b. extraverted,
agreeable, conscientious, stable, and smart.

c. authoritarian,
introverted, liberal, and well-adjusted.

d. quick-witted,
insightful, well-adjusted, and dynamic.

e. memorable,
talkative, and willing to take responsibility.

Question 30Studies testing a terror management theory of
leadership discovered that, when mortality is made salient, followers were
least positive toward a ___ leader.

Select one:

a. short

b. task-oriented

c. male

d.
relationship-oriented

e. charismatic

Question 31Fred, Ned, and Ted must make some party hats by
folding up pieces of paper. When working alone, they could make 10 hats an hour
each. If the Ringelmann effect occurs, when Fred works with Ned they will turn
out ___ hats an hour each, and when Ted joins them, they will turn out ___ hats
an hour each.

Select one:

a. 8; 6

b. 12; 14

c. 4; 3

d. 15; 20

e. 5; 1

Question 32If all members must perform before the group’s
goal is met the task is a(n) ___ one.

Select one:

a. additive

b. conjunctive

c. compensatory

d. discretionary

e. disjunctive

Question 33If group members can decide for themselves how
their individual inputs are to be combined the task is a(n) ___ one.

Select one:

a. disjunctive

b. conjunctive

c. discretionary

d. additive

e. compensatory

Question 34If the group’s solution to a yes/no type question
must be selected from among all individual solutions, the task is a(n) ___ one.

Select one:

a. conjunctive

b. disjunctive

c. compensatory

d. additive

e. discretionary

Question 35Judy conforms because she cannot withstand the
verbal harassment from the other group members. Her conformity results from ___
influence.

Select one:

a. normative

b. informational

c. compliance

d. interpersonal

e. personal

Question 36Janet doesn’t work as hard as she can in her
study group because she knows Linda, “the brain,” will do the work if
she doesn’t. Janet illustrates

Select one:

a. the collective
effort effect.

b. the sucker
effect.

c. groupthink

d. the free-rider
effect.

e. the compensatory
effect.

Question 37Studies of the “wisdom of crowd” effect
suggest that:

Select one:

a. once the group
reaches 5 members, it reaches its maximum level of “wisdom”.

b. groups are
particularly effective when working on extremely difficult problems.

c. the
“crowd” members, to become accurate, must initially discuss the issue
among members.

d. making decisions
by averaging individuals judgments is, in some cases, both efficient and
accurate.

Question 38The tendency for individuals to become less
productive as group size increases is known as

Select one:

a. input output
losses.

b. laziness.

c. groupthink.

d. the Ringelmann
effect.

e. social inhibition.

Question 39Which finding is most likely?

Select one:

a. Expert pool
players play worse when observed.

b. People who stutter
speak more slowly alone than when observed.

c. Roaches complete a
simple maze faster alone.

d. People can more
rapidly dress in familiar clothes when an observer is present.

Question 40Which is the key to determining when social
facilitation AND social loafing will or will not occur?

Select one:

a. social identity

b. arousal

c. evaluation
apprehension

d. size of the group

e. involvement

Question 41″Majority rules”, “Agree with
whatever the boss says.” and “All of us must agree before we approve
it” are all examples of

Select one:

a. truth-wins rules.

b. collective
induction.

c.
truth-supported-wins rules.

d. CESs (critical
evaluation standards).

e. social decision
schemes.

Question 42A collective information-processing model of
group decision making assumes that

Select one:

a. social loafing is
a cognitive deficit.

b. groups are
motivated to make good decisions.

c. when individuals
join groups they are instinctively driven to seek information.

d. group member’s
thoughts are sometimes inconsistent with their behaviors.

e. groups seek out
and process information to formulate decisions.

Question 43Majority influence leads to ___ whereas minority
influence leads to ___.

Select one:

a. unification; harmony

b. individuality;
diversity

c. originality;
similarity

d. consensus;
innovation

e. variety; novelty

Question 44Studies of crowdsourcing suggest that

Select one:

a. online groups make
less effective decisions than groups that meet face-to-face.

b. the time a group
spends on a problem is directly related to the quality of its solution.

c. the wisdom of the
crowd effect occurs only when groups work on complex tasks.

d. the decisions of
informed experts are superior to those made by novices.

e. groups do not need
to deliberate in order to make effective decisions.

Question 45Which is true?

Select one:

a. Groups, during
discussion, oversample unique, unshared information.

b. The study of
medical decision makers indicates that senior members help groups manage their
information.

c. Groups excel at
discovering hidden profiles.

d. Oversampling of
shared information is greatest when groups work on questions with demonstrably solutions.

Question 46Which one does not belong with the others?

Select one:

a. desire for success

b. self-censorship

c. atmosphere of
unanimity

d. mindguards

Question 47Which one is a symptom of groupthink?

Select one:

a. members question
the morality of their proposed solution

b. group members feel
that they are on the brink of making a bad decision

c. everyone in the
group seems to agree with everyone else

d. the opponent, if
one exists, is overrated

e. deviants surface
in the group and disrupt discussion

Question 48Which statement is false?

Select one:

a. When satisficing
occurs groups accept a solution that meets minimal standards, but one that may
not be the best solution.

b. The two most
frequently mentioned problems reported by people making decisions in groups are
poor communication skills and egocentric behavior.

c. Both groups and
individuals display a host of cognitive biases, such as the confirmation bias.

d. Listeners tend to
level, sharpen, and assimilate messages.

e. Members too
frequently cut their meetings too short, without spending the full time they
have scheduled for the session.

Question 49Which tactic will NOT lessen the chances that
groupthink will occur?

Select one:

a. consider the problem
and possible solutions in two or more meetings

b. increasing the
cohesiveness of the group

c. breaking the group
up into subgroups that meet separately

d. having the leader
give his/her own opinions after discussion

e. consulting outside
experts

Question 50___ generally increases the time the group needs
to reach its decision.

Select one:

a. Consensus

b. Delegating

c. Voting

d. Averaging inputs

e. Majority rules

Question 51According to the “romance of teams,”

Select one:

a. the available evidence
does not justify the high level of confidence in the effectiveness of
teams.

b. Teams have taken
the primary, leading role in modern organizations.

c. Team leaders must
sometimes “win the team over” to their way of doing things.

d. The use of teams
is consistent with a scientific management approach to workplace productivity.

e. people prefer
teams because they often trigger the development of romantic relationships
among members.

Question 52Cultural diversity

Select one:

a. was minimized in
the astronaut crews about the International Space Station.

b. is a form of deep
diversity, since it usually associated with differences in language,
experiences, ideology, values, and so on.

c. unlike other forms
of diversity, usually increases a group’s cohesion.

d. predicts
inadequate team performance.

Question 53Gradually the students, after taking
multiple-choice tests as a group for 3 weeks in a row, developed ___: a shared
representation of the task as well as a shared understanding of the team’s
processes and team members’ strengths.

Select one:

a. synergy

b. a collective mind

c. groupality

d. teamality

e. a team mental
model

Question 54I believe that a team is, in many respects, like
a complex organism in that it takes in inputs from the environment, processes
those inputs, and then generates outcomes and outputs in a continuous,
recursive process. I am a(n) ___ theorist in my approach to teams.

Select one:

a. motivational

b. systems

c. cognitive

d. organizational

e. behavioral

Question 55In the Five Factor Model, dependability,
dutifulness, achievement motivation, and efficacy are markers of

Select one:

a. emotional
stability

b.
conscientiousness

c. extraversion

d. agreeableness

e. openness

Question 56

Paramedics, a surgery team, an infantry squad, a baseball
team, and an airliner’s flight crew are examples of ___ teams.

Select one:

a. service

b. project

c. advisory

d. action

e. management

Question 57Studies of the relationship between personality
and team effectiveness suggest that

Select one:

a. team skills cannot
be learned: they are fixed by nature.

b. there is no such
thing as a “team player.”

c. team effectiveness
is most closely associated with agreeableness and conscientiousness.

d. team outcomes
depend on composition, not team members’ personalities.

e. emotional
stability is the key predictor of team effectiveness.

Question 58The two most essential KSAs needed for effective
team members are

Select one:

a. leadership skills
and followership skills.

b. positive,
optimistic outlook and achievement orientation.

c. expressive
communication skills and listening skills.

d. skills related to
the team’s tasks and skill in working with others.

e. concern for self
and concern for others.

Question 59Their __ is the primary advantage of homogenous
teams relative to diverse teams.

Select one:

a. resourcefulness

b. creativity

c. efficiency

d. skill levels

e. cohesiveness

Question 60Which one is NOT consistent with a systems theory
of teams?

Select one:

a. The team changes
in response to feedback about the quality of its products.

b. The process stage
includes processes that transform inputs into outputs.

c. Mediating
mechanisms influence the connection between inputs and outputs.

d. The elements are sequentially
invariant: inputs lead to processes which lead to outputs.

e. Outputs include
products as well as changes in the system itself.