Discovering Statistics Multiple Choice Testbank (Chapter 11 – 16)

Chapter 11 – Repeated- Measures Designs

 

 

1. When the assumption of sphericity is violated what action is needed:
   1. Correct the model degrees of freedom.
   2. Correct the error degrees of freedom.
   3. Do both a and b.
   4. Correct the F-ratio.

 

1. Which of the following statements about the assumption of sphericity is not true?
   1. It is tested using Mauchley’s test in SPSS.
   2. Does not apply when a variable has only two levels.
   3. Does not apply when multivariate tests are used.
   4. It is the assumption that the variances for levels of a repeated measures variable are equal.

 

1. A nutritionist conducted an experiment on memory for dreams. She wanted to test whether it really was true that eating cheese before going to bed made you have bad dreams. Over three nights, the nutritionist fed people different foods before bed. On one night they had nothing to eat, a second night they had a big plate of cheese, and the third night they had another dairy product, Milk, before bed. All people were given all foods at some point over the three nights. The nutritionist measured heart rate during dreams as an index of distress. How should these data be analysed?
   1. One-way independent ANOVA.
   2. One-way repeated measures ANOVA.
   3. Three-way repeated measures ANOVA.
   4. Three-way independent ANOVA.

 

 

1. What is NOT an advantage of repeated measures designs in comparison to independent measures designs?

 

1. 1. Each participant acts as their own control
   2. Researchers can study cross-cultural effects more easily
   3. Researchers can study trends more easily
   4. They require fewer participants overall
2. Sphericity is

 

1. 1. An assumption that means the data distribution must be round.
   2. The critical value area of the graph is round
   3. A way of rounding up the decimal points
   4. An assumption that means the data in each level should uncorrelated

 

1. If there is sphericity in a repeated measures design the outcome could be that

 

1. 1. The p value will be too high
   2. The p-value will be too low
   3. A p-value cannot be computed
   4. The p-value will not be related to the model

 

1. The Greenhouse-Geisser correction refers to:

 

1. 1. Temperature control
   2. A way of dealing with sphericity
   3. Raising the sample size
   4. Lowering humidity

 

An experiment was carried out in which participants learned words in several conditions: no learning strategy, a verbal learning strategy, visual one and a verbal-visual one.

 

1. What considerations would the researchers NOT need to take into account?

 

1. 1. Fatigue
   2. Learning effects
   3. Asymmetric transfer
   4. Parametric assumptions

 

1. What safeguard could the researchers put in place to overcome the difficulties with repeated measures?

 

1. 1. Counterbalancing
   2. Something to keep the participants awake
   3. Measure an appropriate covariate
   4. Before and after measurements
2. Consider the table below, the results from the above experiment.                                      What do they indicate?

 

1. 1. There is too much sphericity in the model
   2. There are too many errors in the model
   3. The null hypothesis can be rejected
   4. The null hypothesis must be rejected

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter 12 – Mixed Design ANOVA

 

 

1. Field & Lawson (2003) reported the effects of giving 7-9 year old children positive, negative or no information about novel animals (Australian marsupials). This variable was called ‘Infotype’. Gender of the child was also examined. The outcome was the  time taken for the children to put their hand in a box in which they believed either the positive, negative, or no information animal was housed (Positive values = longer than average approach times, negative values = shorter than average approach times). Based on the output below, what could you conclude? [see Field, A. P., & Lawson, J. (2003). Fear information and the development of fears during childhood: effects on implicit fear responses and behavioural avoidance. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 1277–1293.]

 

 

 

Male Female

0.8

 

 

 

Latency to Approach (Z-Score)

0.6

 

 

0.4

 

0.2

 

0.0

 

-0.2

 

-0.4

 

 

-0.6

 

 

Negative

 

 

Positive

 

 

None

 

 

Type of Information

 

Tests of Within-Subjects Effects

Measure: MEASURE_1

Source	Type III Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F	Sig.
INFOTYPE                               Sphericity Assumed	9.177	2	4.588	7.283	.001
Greenhouse-Geisser	9.177	1.940	4.730	7.283	.001
Huynh-Feldt	9.177	2.000	4.588	7.283	.001
Lower-bound	9.177	1.000	9.177	7.283	.010
INFOTYPE  GENDER Sphericity Assumed	.599	2	.299	.475	.623
Greenhouse-Geisser	.599	1.940	.309	.475	.618
Huynh-Feldt	.599	2.000	.299	.475	.623
Lower-bound	.599	1.000	.599	.475	.495
Error(INFOTYPE)                  Sphericity Assumed	51.664	82	.630
Greenhouse-Geisser	51.664	79.544	.650
Huynh-Feldt	51.664	82.000	.630
Lower-bound	51.664	41.000	1.260

 

 

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

 

Source Type III Sum of Squares   df   Mean Square   F   Sig. Intercept 2.034E-02 1 2.034E-02 .049 .826 GENDER 1.822E-03 1 1.822E-03 .004 .948 Error 17.109 41 .417

Measure: MEASURE_1 Transformed Variable: Average

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. 1. Approach times were significantly different for the boxes containing the different animals, but the pattern of results was affected by gender.
   2. Approach times were significantly different for the boxes containing the different animals, but the pattern of results was unaffected by gender.
   3. Approach times were not significantly different for the boxes containing the different animals, but the pattern of results was affected by gender.
   4. Approach times were not significantly different for the boxes containing the different animals, but the pattern of results was unaffected by gender.

 

1. Based on the information in the previous question, what analysis has been done?
   1. A two-way Mixed ANOVA.
   2. A Three-way Mixed ANOVA.
   3. A two-way repeated measured ANOVA.
   4. A Two-way Independent ANOVA.

 

1. For the same data as in the previous question, contrasts were performed. Based on the SPSS output given, which of the following statements is true? (Levels of Infotype were entered in the following order: negative information, positive information, no information)

 

Tests of Within-Subjects Contrasts

Measure: MEASURE_1

Source                                         INFOTYPE	Type III Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F	Sig.
INFOTYPE                               Level 1 vs. Level 3 Level 2 vs. Level 3	11.090 .447	1 1	11.090 .447	8.762 .420	.005 .521
INFOTYPE  GENDER  Level 1 vs. Level 3 Level 2 vs. Level 3	1.177 .174	1 1	1.177 .174	.930 .163	.341 .688
Error(INFOTYPE)                  Level 1 vs. Level 3 Level 2 vs. Level 3	51.896 43.689	41 41	1.266 1.066

 

1. 1. Approach times for the box containing the negative animal were not significantly different to those for the box containing the positive information animal.
   2. Approach times for the box containing the positive animal were significantly shorter to the box containing the control (no information) animal.
   3. The profile of results were different for boys and girls.
   4. Approach times for the box containing the negative animal were significantly longer than for the box containing the control (no information) animal.

 

1. What would be the appropriate SPSS commands for a mixed design?

 

 

1. 1. Analyze – GLM – multivariate
   2. Analyze – Mixed model – linear
   3. Analyze-GLM-repeated measures-define and add a between subjects factor
   4. Analyze-GLM-univariate and define fixed and random factors

 

1. Which of the following is a mixed design?

 

1. 1. An investigation of the effect of sex of participant on age of attaining a degree
   2. An investigation of the effect of the sex of the participant on driving simulator errors before and after drinking alcohol
   3. An investigation of the effect sex of participant on driving simulator errors with and without training
   4. An investigation of the effect of sex of participant on choice of degree topic.

 

1. A mixed factorial design

 

1. 1. Is one in which both men and women take part
   2. Has at least one between subjects variable and one within subjects variable.
   3. Utilises both categorical and continuous
   4. Needs a non-parametric tests

 

 

Chapter 13 – Non-parametric Tests

 

 

1. A researcher was interested in stress levels of lecturers during lecturers. She took the same group of 8 lecturers and measured their anxiety (out of 15) during a normal lecture and again in a lecture in which she had paid students to be disruptive and misbehave. The data were not normally-distributed. Which test should she use to compare her experimental conditions?
   1. Paired t-test.
   2. Mann-Whitney test.
   3. Wilcoxon signed ranks test.
   4. Wilcoxon rank sum test.

 

1. A psychologist was interested in whether there was a gender difference in the use of email. She hypothesised that because women are generally better communicators than men, they would spend longer using email than their male counterparts. To test this hypothesis, the researcher sat by the email computers in her research methods laboratory and when someone started using email, she noted whether they were male or female and then timed how long they spent using email (in minutes). How should she analyze the differences in males and females (use the output below to help you decide)?

 

 

Tests of Normality

 

	Kolmogorov-Smirnova			Shapiro-Wilk
	Statistic	df	Sig.	Statistic	df	Sig.
Average Time spent using Email (minutes)	.261	16	.005	.735	16	.010

. This is an upper bound of the true significance.

1. 1. Lilliefors Significance Correction

 

1. Paired t-test.
2. Mann-Whitney test.
3. Wilcoxon signed ranks test.
4. Independent t-test.

 

1. Another term for non-parametric tests is

 

1. 1. Non-normal tests
   2. Data-free tests
   3. Non-continuous tests
   4. Distribution-free tests

 

1. The non-parametric equivalent of the paired t-test is the

 

1. 1. Mann-Whitney U test
   2. Wilcoxon sign test
   3. Friedman test
   4. Kruskall-Wallis test

 

1. The non-parametric equivalent of the two-sample independent t-test is the

 

1. 1. Mann-Whitney U test
   2. Wilcoxon sign test
   3. Friedman test
   4. Kruskall-Wallis test

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter 14 – Multivariate Analysis of Variance

 

 

1. A psychologist was interested in gauging the success of a mood manipulation during one of her experiments. She had three groups of participants who underwent different types of mood induction: disgust mood induction, negative mood induction and positive mood induction. After the mood induction, participants were asked to endorse nine statements relating to their mood (on a 5 point Likert scale from 1—disagree to 5—agree): (1) When you’re smiling the whole world smiles with you, (2) I love the pretty flowers, (3) I could never touch a dead body, (4) I would never eat cat food,
   1. If someone served me monkey brain soup I would vomit, (6) I feel fed up, (7) Bodily fluids are nasty, (8) I could not drink from a glass that I’d used to catch a spider, (9) I am a worthless piece of scum. What analysis should be done to see if  the mood inductions had an effect on responses to these 9 items.
      1. Factor analysis.
      2. MANOVA.
      3. Repeated Measures ANOVA.
      4. Mixed ANOVA.

 

 

1. A psychologist was interested in gauging the success of a mood manipulation during one of her experiments. She had three groups of participants who underwent different types of mood induction: disgust mood induction, negative mood induction and positive mood induction. After the mood induction, participants were asked to endorse nine statements relating to their mood (on a 5 point Likert scale from 1—disagree to 5—agree): (1) When you’re smiling the whole world smiles with you, (2) I love the pretty flowers, (3) I could never touch a dead body, (4) I would never eat cat food,
   1. If someone served me monkey brain soup I would vomit, (6) I feel fed up, (7) Bodily fluids are nasty, (8) I could not drink from a glass that I’d used to catch a spider, (9) I am a worthless piece of scum. What analysis should be done to see if  the mood inductions had an effect on responses to these 9 items. Part of the SPSS output is below. Which of the following statements best summarizes the output.

 

 

Multivariate Testsc
Effect	Value	F	Hypothesis df	Error df	Sig.
Intercept Pillai’s Trace	.983	366.116a	9.000	58.000	.000
Wilks’ Lambda	.017	366.116a	9.000	58.000	.000
Hotelling’s Trace	56.811	366.116a	9.000	58.000	.000
Roy’s Largest Root	56.811	366.116a	9.000	58.000	.000
GROUP         Pillai’s Trace	.416	1.723	18.000	118.000	.044
Wilks’ Lambda	.615	1.772a	18.000	116.000	.037
Hotelling’s Trace	.575	1.820	18.000	114.000	.031
Roy’s Largest Root	.465	3.048b	9.000	59.000	.005
Exact statistic The statistic is an upper bound on F that yields a lower bound on the significance level. Design: Intercept+GROUP

 

 

1. 1. 1. The type of mood induction had a significant effect on responses to all of the 9 items.
      2. The type of mood induction had a significant effect on responses to at least one of the 9 items.
      3. The type of mood induction that a person had could be determined from a linear combination of responses to the 9 items.
      4. The type of mood induction had a significant effect on responses to more than half at least of the 9 items.

 

1. The next part of the output is shown below. Which statement best sums up this part of the output?

 

Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variancesa

 

	F	df1	df2	Sig.
When you’re smiling the whole world smiles with you	2.235	2	66	.147
I love the pretty flowers	1.004	2	66	.378
I could never touch a dead body	.291	2	66	.771
I would never eat catfood	3.239	2	66	.073
If someone served me monkey brain soup I would vomit	1.591	2	66	.236
I feel fed up	.216	2	66	.847
Bodily fluids are nasty	11.176	2	66	.000
I could not drink from a glass that I’d used to catch a spider	1.438	2	66	.266
I am a worthless piece of scum	3.978	2	66	.044

Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.

a. Design: Intercept+GROUP

 

1. There were significant differences between the mood induction conditions on two items: ‘I am a worthless piece of scum’, and ‘Bodily fluids are nasty’.
2. There were significant differences between the mood induction conditions on three items: ‘I am a worthless piece of scum’, ‘I would never eat catfood’ and ‘Bodily fluids are nasty’.
3. I need to transform some of the items.
4. I need to transform all of the items.

1. The next part of the output is shown below. Which statement best sums up this part of the output?

 

1. 1. There were significant differences between the mood induction conditions on all items.
   2. There were significant differences between the mood induction conditions on two items: ‘I would never eat catfood’, and ‘Bodily fluids are nasty’.
   3. There were significant differences between the mood induction conditions on four items: ‘I would never eat catfood’, ‘I could never touch a dead body’, ‘I feel fed up’ and ‘Bodily fluids are nasty’.
   4. The mood induction had no effect on responses to the 9 items.

 

1. Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) is

 

1. An extension of analysis of variance with more than one interaction

 

1. An extension of analysis of variance used to accommodate more than one dependent variable.

 

1. An extension of analysis of variance with more than two independent variables

 

1. An extension of multiple regression that allows the variance to calculated from means

 

Chapter 15 – Exploratory Factor Analysis

 

 

1. Based on this scree plot, how many factors should be extracted?

 

8

 

6

 

4

 

2

 

0

1      2      3      4      5      6      7      8      9

Factor

 

1. 1. 2.

b. 3.

1. 4.
2. 5.

 

1. Varimax rotation should be used when,
   1. Factors are expected to correlate.
   2. Factors are non-orthogonal.
   3. Factors are independent.
   4. Kaiser’s criterion is met.

 

1. Oblique rotation should be used when,
   1. Factors are expected to correlate.
   2. Factors are orthogonal.
   3. Factors are independent.
   4. Kaiser’s criterion is met.

 

1. A scree plot in factor analysis is a plot of:
   1. Each factor against its eigenvalue.
   2. The factor loadings of each variable onto each factor.
   3. The correlations between variables.
   4. The regression coefficient of each variable with each factor.
2. Kaiser’s criterion for retaining factors is:
   1. Retain any factor with an eigenvalue greater than 0.7.
   2. Retain any factor with an eigenvalue greater than 1.
   3. Retain factors before the point of inflexion on a scree plot.
   4. Retain factors with communalities greater than 0.7.

 

 

Chapter 16 – Categorical Data

 

 

1. 933 people were asked which type of programme they prefer to watch on television. Results are below. What is the expected frequency for men who liked to watch sport?

 

 

	News	Documentaries	Soaps	Sport	Total
Women	108	123	187	62	480
Men	130	123	68	132 Order a similar assignment, and have writers from our team of experts write it for you, guaranteeing you an A Similar Posts >Education LACCD LAW001 Week 1 Assignment Latest ByPlatinum Essays June 12, 2025 Question LAW001 Business Law 1 Week 1 Assignment   Implied in Fact Contract Case Problem This assignment was locked Sep 26, 2016 at 11:59pm. Case Problems (Links to an external site.) Law 1 – Business Law – Contracts Case Problems Chapter 11 – Implied Contract.  – (Chapter 11 Outline (Links to an external site.)) A…. >Education Trident MGT412 Module 3 SLP Latest 2019 January Question # 00597719 Subject: Education Due on: 02/04/2019 Posted On: 02/04/2019 01:02 PM Tutorials: 1 Rating: 4.7/5 ByPlatinum Essays June 12, 2025 Question MGT412 Human Resource Management and Law Module 3 SLP EMPLOYMENT-AT-WILL AND PROGRESSIVE DISCIPLINE For this module’s SLP, we will focus on the importance of documenting in writing the process of discipline steps taken in an employee situation. Read the following article: Segal, J. (2014). Legal trends: Blunders in documenting discipline. HR Magazine. Retrieved from… >Education RELI448 Week 5 Discussion Latest 2020 MAY ByPlatinum Essays June 12, 2025 Question RELI448 Comparative Religions Week 5 Discussion Judaism Textbook: Chapter 8 For the initial post, respond to one of the following options: From the following terms, choose two: Orthodox Judaism, Hassidic Judaism, Reform Judaism, and Conservative Judaism. Briefly define these two terms, then explain their relationship to one another. How are they similar, and how… >Education Education Systems Differing Across Different Countries Discussion ByPlatinum Essays June 12, 2025 Question IUB Education Systems Differing Across Different Countries Discussion Compare and contrast our K-12 education system in the United States with the education system of another country.  Before doing so, you will have to read the section on accountability from the chapter, as well as watch the videos on education in the US which are… >Education CSU MBA6551 Unit VII Journal Latest 2022 ByPlatinum Essays June 12, 2025 Question If you had to choose a leadership development approach for an organization, which would you choose? Why? Reflect on how your chosen method would be effective in enhancing leadership capabilities. Your journal entry must be at least 200 words in length. No references or citations are necessary.     >Education Domestic Terrorism Response Plan Paper ByPlatinum Essays June 12, 2025 Question Central Washington University Domestic Terrorism Response Plan Paper Written assignment Develop a team summary information paper that identifies your specific team assignments/responsibilities and describe in detail your emergency response plan and actions taken by the team prior to, during and post event, ensuring that all questions and concerns raised in the scenario are addressed… Username or Email Address Password Remember Me Lost your password? Don't have an account yet? Sign up