BSC2346 Full Course Latest 2018 December Question # 00596758 Subject: General Questions Due on: 01/11/2019 Posted On: 01/11/2019 06:00 AM Tutorials: 1 Rating: 4.7/5

BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology

Module 01 Discussion

Strategy to Succeed and Homeostasis

Anatomy and Physiology can be a daunting (but also
exciting!) course. We will cover every body system in this course and Anatomy
and Physiology II. It’s a good idea to take a moment this week to self-reflect
and get yourself organized for the upcoming term.

Throughout this course, we will often return to a common
principle which regulates the human body: homeostasis. For your discussion
post, provide one example of homeostasis within the body. Provide a brief 3-4
sentence explanation of the example you choose.

Additionally, identify and discuss 1-2 obstacles you may
face with this course while learning anatomy and physiology. Examples may
include being new to online learning, time management issues, personal or
family commitments, test anxiety, etc.

In your reply post, provide suggestions for the obstacles
your peers have identified. Share what has worked for you in past courses or
suggest a resource or study skill that might help your classmates be successful
in overcoming their challenges. Don’t forget to include resources that are
available through Rasmussen College’s Library Learning services, online, and/or
through a mobile device.

Please make your initial post by midweek, and respond to at
least one other student’s post by the end of the week. Please check the Course
Calendar for specific due dates.

Need Help? Click here for complete discussion forum
instructions.

BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology

Module 02 Discussion

Sunscreen Effectiveness – Natural vs. Chemical

The American Academy of Dermatology (2018) states that skin
cancer is the most common cancer in the United States. One in five Americans
will develop skin cancer in their lifetime. Protecting our skin from harmful
ultraviolet rays is imperative. However, the human body does benefit from a
mild to moderate amount of UV radiation.

What is the best way to protect your skin from sun-related
damage? What are the advantages and disadvantages to sunscreens containing
common active ingredients such as oxybenzone, octocrylene, and homosalate? Are
there benefits to using mineral sunscreens, such as zinc oxide or titanium
dioxide? How effective are natural sunscreens, such as coconut oil or shea
butter? If a sunscreen product is not regulated by the FDA, how can you determine
if the product’s claims are true?

Reference

American Academy of Dermatology. (2018). Skin Cancer.
Retrieved from https://www.aad.org/media/stats/conditions/skin-cancer

Please make your initial post by midweek, and respond to at
least one other student’s post by the end of the week. Please check the Course
Calendar for specific due dates.

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BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology

Module 03 Discussion

Milk Dairy Consumption – Good or Bad for Osteoporosis

Department of Health and Human Services (2018), estimates
that ten million Americans have been diagnosed with osteoporosis, which can
lead to complicating fractures. Calcium and Vitamin D are vital components for
osteoporosis prevention. Dairy products, especially milk, are common in the
American diet and even have a familiar marketing campaign (“Got
Milk?”) to help educate the public on the benefits of milk.

Most Americans have the perception that drinking milk will
give us strong bones, but is this true? Are dairy products, specifically milk,
an effective dietary source to help prevent osteoporosis or could they cause
more harm than good? Should we, as a society, be drinking more or less milk?
Are there better dietary choices for calcium or should we all be taking calcium
supplements? Please elaborate on your reasoning with your research.

Support your opinion with valid research and cite your
sources appropriately.

Reference

Department of Health and Human Services. (2018). Osteoporosis.
Retrieved from
https://www.bones.nih.gov/health-info/bone/osteoporosis/osteoporosis-hoh

Please make your initial post by midweek, and respond to at
least one other student’s post by the end of the week. Please check the Course
Calendar for specific due dates.

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BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology

Module 04 Discussion

Treatment of Musculoskeletal Pain: Opioids or Medical
Marijuana?

The treatment of chronic pain conditions, especially muscle
pain within the medical field, presents multiple problems and complications.
Studies have placed the prevalence of chronic pain in the United States from
30-33% of the population. Currently, a common medical practice is the
prescription of opioid analgesics (painkillers) such as oxycodone, hydrocodone,
and codeine to provide pain relief. However, the abuse and addiction to opioid
prescriptions has been on the rise.

Conduct some research on the pros and cons of using opioid
medications to treat chronic pain. As of early 2018, 23 states and the District
of Columbia have passed legislation to legalize medicinal marijuana as a
treatment therapy for various issues, including chronic pain conditions.
Research the pros and cons of medicinal marijuana to treat chronic pain.

From your research, what do you perceive to be the better
option in treating chronic pain — prescription opioid medications or medicinal
marijuana? Make sure you elaborate on your reasoning with your research,
opinion(s) and any other comments you have on this topic. Provide appropriate
citations for your resources.

Reference

The American Academy of Pain Medicine. (2018). AAPM Facts
and Figures on Pain. Retrieved from
http://www.painmed.org/PatientCenter/Facts_on_Pain.aspx#incidence

Please make your initial post by midweek, and respond to at
least one other student’s post by the end of the week. Please check the Course
Calendar for specific due dates.

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BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology

Module 05 Discussion

Arthritis: Prevention and Treatment Options

Arthritis is increasingly prevalent among the United States
population. Although there are several types of arthritis, the most common (by
far) is osteoarthritis. According to the CDC, more than 30 million Americans
are diagnosed with osteoarthritis (2018). It’s likely that you or someone you
know is struggling with the pain and stiffness associated with osteoarthritis
right now.

In your discussion post this module, provide at least one
prevention technique and one treatment option for osteoarthritis. Describe each
item in detail, providing information about how the therapies you chose affect
the physiology of the arthritic joints.

In your reply post, provide research about the effectiveness
of the preventative therapies and treatment options your classmate(s) posted.
You are encouraged to share personal experience (if you have any), but remember
that you should always back up your personal thoughts with a reliable,
scientific reference.

Reference

Centers for Disease Control. (2018). Osteoarthritis. Retrieved
from https://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/basics/osteoarthritis.htm

Please make your initial post by midweek, and respond to at
least one other student’s post by the end of the week. Please check the Course
Calendar for specific due dates.

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BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology

Module 06 Discussion

Physiology and Treatment of Depression Anxiety

According to the Anxiety and Depression Association of
America, over 20% of Americans are diagnosed with anxiety and/or depression
(2018). As we learn about the nervous system this module, we can use these two
common disorders to help gain an understanding of basic nerve function.

For your discussion post, choose either depression or
anxiety and answer the following questions. Remember to use your own words when
explaining these concepts.

How does depression/anxiety affect neurotransmitters?

How does depression/anxiety affect synapses?

How does depression/anxiety affect neuron function?

In your reply posts, share how various treatments may
improve the physiology of the disorders discussed. Since these are common
disorders, you may choose to share personal experiences. If so, keep the
information you share confidential and do not share names or identifying
information of others.

Reference

Anxiety and Depression Association of America. (2018). Facts
& Statistics. Retrieved from
https://adaa.org/about-adaa/press-room/facts-statistics#

Please make your initial post by midweek, and respond to at
least one other student’s post by the end of the week. Please check the Course
Calendar for specific due dates.

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BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology

Module 07 Discussion

Brain Games

Brain games continue to increase in popularity, especially
mobile applications. You may have seen the advertisements for these apps, or
perhaps you may have even tried them yourself. There are dozens of different
companies claiming that their mobile applications can improve your brain’s
function.

Do these brain games work? Can games on your mobile device
actually improve mental acuity or prevent memory loss? What does the research
say about these types of games and activities?

Are there better techniques, methods, or even dietary
supplements that could assist with improving brain function and memory? Are
brain function and memory determined by genetics or can they be influenced by
our environment and experiences?

Please make your initial post by midweek, and respond to at
least one other student’s post by the end of the week. Please check the Course
Calendar for specific due dates.

Need Help? Click here for complete discussion forum
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BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology

Module 08 Discussion

The Physiology of the Autonomic Nervous System

The Autonomic Nervous System can be challenging to
understand because it is connected to virtually every body function in opposite
ways. We are going to explore the physiology of the ANS in this discussion by
looking at specific examples of how it works.

For your first discussion post, describe how the
parasympathetic nervous system influences one function in your body. For
example, the parasympathetic nervous system causes decreased blood pressure. If
you chose this body function, you would describe the physiology behind the
decreased blood pressure. How does it happen? What occurs in the heart/blood
vessels? Which scenarios or external factors would cause the parasympathetic
nervous system to activate this response?

For your reply post, discuss the sympathetic nervous
system’s influence on the function your peer chose. For example, if your
classmate discussed the parasympathetic influences the diameter of your pupil,
you need to describe how the sympathetic nervous system affects the diameter of
your pupil.

Your post and reply should each be at least one paragraph
long (about 4-5 sentences minimum). Try to use a body function that is unique
from other examples already posted by other students. There are hundreds of
options!

Please make your initial post by midweek, and respond to at
least one other student’s post by the end of the week. Please check the Course
Calendar for specific due dates.

Need Help? Click here for complete discussion forum
instructions.

BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology

Module 09 Discussion

Lasik Surgery

LASIK procedures have become more accessible and much more
common in recent years. Many patients are attracted to the idea of LASIK, as it
can eliminate the need for glasses or contact lenses. Research LASIK and the
associated risks and benefits.

For your original post, choose one of the vision problems
that can beed by LASIK. Discuss how this problem affects the physiology vision
and how LASIK can be used to this problem.

In your reply post, discuss whether or not you would choose
to have LASIK surgery for the vision problem that your classmate explained. In
your opinion, do the benefits outweigh the risks? If you or someone close to
you has experience with LASIK, you may choose to discuss that here. What made
you/them decide to go through with the procedure? Or, what stopped you/them
from pursuing LASIK as a treatment option?

Please make your initial post by midweek, and respond to at
least one other student’s post by the end of the week. Please check the Course
Calendar for specific due dates.

Need Help? Click here for complete discussion forum
instructions.

BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology

Module 10 Discussion

Hormone Replacement Therapy: Is It Effective and Safe?

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) is most commonly known for
treating the discomfort associated with menopause. However, more broadly, HRT
is any form of hormone therapy that involves a patient receiving hormones to
supplement or replace naturally occurring hormones in the body. For this
discussion post, research different forms of HRT and choose one type to focus
on.

In your original post, describe a patient who may benefit
from HRT. Explain the risks and benefits to using HRT in the scenario you
chose. Be sure to include information on safety.

For your reply post, find a classmate who discussed a
different type of HRT than you. In your response, put yourself in the scenario
discussed. If you were the patient in that scenario, would you choose to go
through with HRT or would you look for alternative treatments? Do the benefits
of HRT outweigh the risks, in your opinion?

Please make your initial post by midweek, and respond to at
least one other student’s post by the end of the week. Please check the Course
Calendar for specific due dates.

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instructions.

BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology

Module 11 Discussion

Self-Assessment and Reflection

As you prepare for the final exam, create TWO
multiple-choice questions for your classmates that focus on material that was
covered in this course. Make sure that you provide the answer, preferably as a
response to your own post, so your peers can be challenged without directly
seeing the answer right after the question.

As a follow up, reflect on any goals that you set for
yourself at the beginning of this course. What experiences have you gained from
this course that you will take forward into Human Anatomy and Physiology II?

Please make your initial post by midweek, and respond to at
least one other student’s post by the end of the week. Please check the Course
Calendar for specific due dates.

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instructions.

BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology

Module 01 Case Study

Question 1

Ben is a 6-month old infant who has a history of respiratory
infections. His parents are concerned that his symptoms are worsening and bring
him to his pediatrician, Dr. Johnson. They explain that he has a persistent
cough and sometimes coughs up phlegm. He also experiences periodic wheezing and
shortness of breath. Dr. Johnson notes that his weight and height have not increased
as much as predicted since his last visit. He is concerned that Ben may have a
genetic condition called Cystic Fibrosis.

There are several ways to test for Cystic Fibrosis. In your
own words, briefly describe 2 diagnostic tests that Dr. Johnson could use to
determine if Ben has Cystic Fibrosis.

Question 2

Cystic Fibrosis is an inherited condition. Which of the
following describes the inheritance pattern?

Answers:

X-linked recessive

Autosomal recessive

X-linked dominant

Autosomal dominant

Question 3

List at least 3 other symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis that are
not mentioned in the case study about Ben.

Question 4

Which of Ben’s parents carried the defective gene which
causes Cystic Fibrosis?

Both Parents

Neither parent- this was passed on from a prior generation

His mother

His father

Question 5

If both of Ben’s parents are Cystic Fibrosis carriers and
plan to have another child, what are the chances that their next child would
NOT be a carrier and would NOT be affected by Cystic Fibrosis?

Answers:

0%

50%

75%

25%

Question 6

In your own words, briefly describe how the Cystic Fibrosis
gene affects the cell membrane.

Question 7

Which of the following is not a common treatment for Cystic
Fibrosis?

Frequent blood transfusions

Prescription medications, such as mucolytics, inhaled
through a nebulizer

Pancreatic enzyme supplementation

Using an inflatable vest that vibrates to loosen mucus in
the chest

Question 8

In your own words, briefly describe why Ben’s skin may taste
salty.

Question 9

Which of the following statements is true of Cystic
Fibrosis?

Answers:

Cystic Fibrosis is generally diagnosed between 20-40 years
of age.

Cystic Fibrosis involved multiple mutations of more than one
gene.

A carrier of Cystic Fibrosis has a 100% chance of having a
child with Cystic Fibrosis.

Cystic Fibrosis affects the ability of chloride ions to pass
through the cell membrane.

Question 10

Which tissue type is most affected by the excess mucus
produced in Cystic Fibrosis?

Answers:

Connective tissue

Epithelial tissue

Nervous tissue

Muscle tissue

BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology

Module 02 Case Study

Question 1

Since childhood, Linda has always enjoyed the outdoors. She
tries to spend as much time outside in the summer as she can because she lives
in the Pacific Northwest, where summers are short. Now, Linda is 62 years old
and is taking her grandchildren to the same lake house where she spent long
days boating, swimming, and playing sports as a child.

Linda has noticed an itchy skin lesion on the superior
portion of her right ear within the past two weeks. She is beginning to worry
because it doesn’t seem to be healing. She packed a large-brimmed hat for her
lake trip to keep her face and ears out of the sun. She wants to make sure she
is helping protect her grandchildren from any potential skin damage, too.

If Linda’s lesion is a sign of cancer, which types of skin
cancer do you think it could be? What other information would you need to know
to make a more educated diagnosis?

Question 2

Which of the following is the most deadly type of skin
cancer?

Question 3

Linda asks her son, who is a nurse, to look at the lesion.
He notices that the lesion has an asymmetric border, is black and brown, and
measures less than 3 mm. Which of these factors is NOT a warning sign of
cancer?

Question 4

Linda’s son thinks a biopsy might be necessary and urges her
to follow-up with a dermatologist. In your own words, briefly describe the
process of a skin biopsy.

Question 5

Humans have a natural protection against UV light called
melanin, produced by melanocytes. Which layer of skin contains melanocytes?

Question 6

In your own words, what is the difference between a benign
and a malignant tumor?

Question 7

Linda had a grandfather who was diagnosed with melanoma. She
is now wondering if she inherited a gene that has caused her to have melanoma,
too. Could this be true? Why or why not?

Question 8

If Linda’s biopsy is positive for melanoma, which of the
following would NOT be a treatment option?

Question 9

How has Linda’s exposure to sun throughout her life
contributed to her possible melanoma? (Hint: think about what happens to the
DNA of skin cells.)

Question 10

How can Linda help protect her grandchildren when they are
spending time outdoors? Be specific, use your own words, and include at least 3
ideas.

BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology

Module 03 Case Study

Question 1

Alyssa is a 74-year-old female patient who presents to her
primary care provider for a routine physical. She states that she feels “quite
healthy” and has no complaints other than mild back pain. She has a family
history of various cancers, diabetes, and osteoporosis, so she knows that it is
important to stay active and keep up with screenings and annual physical exams.
Alyssa’s provider finds that she has lost 10 pounds since last year’s exam. She
is almost a full inch shorter, as well.

Alyssa’s provider suspects that she may have osteoporosis.
Which other two factors would support that other diagnosis?

Answers:

Family history of cancer and obesity

A history of smoking and being post-menopausal

Taking calcium supplements and intense daily exercise

Weight loss and history of surgery

Question 2

Explain, in your own words, how Alyssa’s loss of height
could be related to her possible osteoporosis diagnosis.

Question 3

Alyssa’s provider orders a DEXA scan. Which of the following
T-score outcomes would indicate a diagnosis of osteoporosis?

Answers:

-2.6

-1.4

+1.2

0

Question 4

Why might Alyssa’s provider ask her about her diet? Provide
two reasons and explain how they are related to osteoporosis.

Question 5

Explain how the body controls calcium levels in the bones
and blood. Be sure to describe the roles of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and
calcitonin in detail.

Question 6

Alyssa has been prescribed several medications over the past
two decades for various reasons. Which of the following may have had an impact
on developing osteoporosis?

Answers:

Steroid medication

Antibiotics

Cholesterol-lowering statins

Over-the-counter antacid medication

Question 7

Alyssa’s doctor recommends that she increase her calcium
intake. List at least five foods that have high calcium content.

Question 8

Alyssa does some research on risk factors for osteoporosis
and comes across the term “peak bone mass.” In your own words, explain what
peak bone mass means and at which age it typically occurs.

Question 9

Which of the following choices has NOT been shown to cause a
decrease in blood calcium levels?

Answers:

Caffeine

Alcohol

Cannabis

Sodium

Question 10

If Alyssa does have osteoporosis, can she reverse its
effects on her bone density? Explain why or why not. What is the best course of
action she can take to keep her bones as healthy as possible?

BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology

Module 04 Case Study

Question 1

Jordan is now 19-years old. As an infant, Jordan reached
many gross motor skill milestones, such as holding his head up, rolling over,
sitting, and standing, at normal times. However, he was considered a “late
walker” because he took his first steps at 17 months. By 2 years old, his
parents noticed a hyperlordotic posture while he was standing. A Gower’s sign
and Trendelenberg gait were noted by age four. Throughout his childhood, he
suffered progressive muscle weakness, especially in the proximal musculature of
the arms, pelvis, and legs. He required orthotic braces to assist his walking
and was confined to wheelchair ambulation by age 13.

At 16, he was hospitalized with bronchitis requiring
antibiotic treatment, but recovered. Jordan has a history of progressive muscle
weakness, but no history of muscle pain or spasm, chest pain, or irregular
heartbeat. The only medications that he normally takes are calcium and fluoride
supplements. Jordan has three siblings. His older and younger sisters have
never had any major medical issues. Jordan’s older brother is also to a
wheelchair with problems similar to Jordan’s. No other immediate or distant
family members have musculoskeletal issues.

Jordan’s history aligns most closely with which diagnosis?

Question 2

Jordan had a biopsy of the left gastrocnemius muscle when he
was 5 years old. Based on your answer for his diagnosis, describe the
microscopic pathological changes that the pathologist would have noted in her
report.

Question 3

Explain, in your own words, why Jordan’s brother appears to
have the same disease and why his sisters are unaffected.

Question 4

Jordan’s calves appear enlarged. Which of the following
statements explains this phenomenon?

Question 5

Jordan displayed Gower’s sign at a young age. Which of the
following statements explains why this this true?

Question 6

Weakness in his erector spinae muscles forces Jordan to
assume which exaggerated position when standing?

Question 7

In your own words, please explain why Jordan must take
calcium supplements for the rest of his life. (Hint: Think about your prior
material and Wolff’s law.)

Question 8

Jordan is prone to respiratory infections, in part because
of the weakness of which muscles?

Question 9

Genetic testing would reveal that Jordan has a y-linked
disorder.

Question 10

In your own words, briefly describe the role of dystrophin
within the motor unit.

BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology

Module 06 Case Study

Question 1

Donna, a 42-year-old mother of two, has been experiencing
intermittent tingling and numbness in both of her feet. She has also had
trouble holding a pen while writing. In the past few months, the tingling and
numbness in her extremities seemed to subside on its own, so she was not very
concerned. Recently, though, the symptoms have spread to her knees and thighs
and are persisting.

Yesterday, she stumbled when getting out of bed in the
morning. When she tried to stand, her right leg was too weak to hold her weight
and she fell again. She noticed that she scraped her right knee during the
fall, but does not feel any pain from the wound. Donna notices that she has
blurry vision and thinks that might be the reason she fell.

All of the following indicate sensory deficits EXCEPT:

Question 2

Donna does not feel the wound on her knee. In a normal
situation, describe how this sensory input of a scraped knee would result in
the feeling of pain.

Question 3

Donna has weakness in her right leg, but her left leg is functioning
normally. Which components of the nervous system are involved with skeletal
muscle movement? Be specific about how the motor impulse moves through the
body.

Question 4

Which of the following ly defines a motor unit?

Question 5

Which of the following statements is true?

Question 6

List and describe any and all symptoms in Donna’s history
that could be related to a pathology of her motor neurons.

Question 7

Donna’s primary care physician wants to screen her for
Multiple Sclerosis. Which of the following tests would provide the most
definitive diagnosis for MS?

Question 8

If Donna does have MS, the disease is affecting her myelin
sheath. Briefly describe what happens to the myelin sheath and how it disrupts
nerve function in patients with Multiple Sclerosis.

Question 9

Donna later sees a specialist who wants to perform a spinal
tap, which is an analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. Where is cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF) found?

Question 10

After extensive testing, Donna’s care team concluded that
she does have Multiple Sclerosis and have prescribed steroid treatment. How
will steroids help alleviate her symptoms?

BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology

Module 07 Case Study

Question 1

Scott, a 37-year-old elementary teacher, is seeing his
general practitioner for complaints of general weakness, especially in his
lower extremities. He has also been feeling very fatigued lately and has
trouble keeping up with his students throughout his work day. His physician
notes that he has lost a significant amount of weight in the last 6 months.
Scott reports that even simple tasks, such as brushing his hair and getting
dressed, can seem like a chore. He has trouble climbing stairs because of his weakness
and notices that his speech is slurred, especially at the end of the day.

Scott’s physician uses a tongue depressor during his
physical examination and Scott begins to gag and has difficulty swallowing. His
physician notes muscle wasting and abnormal spasticity in upper and lower
extremities bilaterally. All reflexes are normal except the Babinski reflex.
Scott’s toes fan out when the sole of his feet are stroked with the reflex
hammer.

Scott’s symptoms are primarily related to problems with:

Question 2

Because Scott’s symptoms are progressively getting worse
over a period of several months, we can rule out which of the following
diagnoses?

Question 3

Scott’s physi