BIOS256 Final Exam

BIOS256 Final

 

 

1              The urinary system does all of the following, EXCEPT it A secretes excess glucose molecules

B             regulates blood volume

C             contributes to stabilizing blood pH D       eliminates organic waste products

E              regulates plasma concentrations of electrolytes

 

2              Conical structures that are located in the renal medulla are called A          pyramids

B             renal columns C renal pelvises

D             nephrons

E              calyces

 

3              The region known as the macula densa is part of A            the proximal convoluted tubule

B             the distal convoluted tubule C    the collecting duct

D             the ascending loop of Henle

E              Bowman’s capsule

 

4              The cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells form the A    renal corpuscle

B             filtration membrane C    loop of Henle

D             juxtaglomerular apparatus

E              afferent arteriole

 

5              A glomerulus is

A             the expanded end of a nephron

B             a knot of capillaries that lies within the renal corpuscle

C             the portion of the nephron closest to the renal corpuscle

D             the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct E the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron

 

6              The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney.

1.            afferent arteriole

2.            arcuate artery

3.            interlobar artery

4.            renal artery

5.            glomerulus

6.            interlobular artery

7.            efferent arteriole

8.            peritubular capillary

The proper order in which blood passes through these vessels is A             4, 6, 2, 3, 1, 5, 7, 8

B             4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8

C             4, 3, 2, 6, 7, 5, 1, 8

D             4, 6, 2, 3, 7, 5, 1, 8

E              4, 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 7, 8

 

7              The process of filtration is driven by A     active transport

B             blood osmotic pressure

C             blood hydrostatic pressure

D             renal pumping

 

8              The mechanisms for maintaining the solute concentration gradient in the renal medulla require A              active transport of sodium and chloride ions from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle B       active transport of sodium and chloride ions from the ascending limb of the vasa recta

C             the ascending limb of the loop of Henle to be permeable to water D         the vasa recta to be impermeable to water

E              both A and B

 

9              Which of the following is greater?

A             the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the beginning of the loop of Henle

B             the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the descending limb of the loop of Henle

 

1              The antidiuretic hormone 0

A             increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water

B             is secreted in response to low concentrations of potassium ions in the extracellular fluid. C            causes the kidneys to produce a larger volume of relatively solute-free urine

D             helps regulate the concentration of potasium ion in the interstitial space

E              is sensitive to changes in the blood concentrations of both sodium and potassium

 

1              In the loop of Henle 1

A             water is secreted into the descending limb

B             sodium and chloride ions are actively transported out of the ascending limb

C             the ascending limb is very permeable to water

D             the filtrate in the descending limb becomes more and more hypotonic E filtrate is produced

 

1              Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism most? 2

A             ADH

B             aldosterone

C             ANP

D             BNP

E              natriuretic peptide

 

1              All of the following are components of ECF, except

3

A             cerebral spinal fluid B     peritoneal fluid

C             lymph

D             aqueous humor

E              plasma

 

1              Which hormone plays a role in determining the rate of sodium absorption and potassium loss? 4

A             ADH

B             aldosterone

C             ANP

D             BNP

E              natriuretic peptide

 

 

 

1              You are caring for a patient who has been vomiting and having diarrhea for the past five days. You suspect that his

5              electrolyte levels are A  normal

B             elevated

C             the same as upon admission D    decreased

E              noncritical

 

1              Which hormone affects the osmotic concentration of urine without affecting any ion levels? 6

A             ADH

B             aldosterone

C             ANP

D             BNP

E              natriuretic peptide

 

1              The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of 7

A             calcium ions

B             chlorine ions

C             potassium ions D              sodium ions

E              magnesium ions

 

1              The higher the plasma concentration of aldosterone, the more efficiently the kidney will 8

A             conserve sodium ions

B             retain potassium ions

C             stimulate urinary water loss

D             secrete greater amounts of ADH E            all of the above

 

1              Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the ECF volume by 9

A             stimulating thirst

B             causing the release of ADH

C             triggering the production and secretion of aldosterone D               A and B

E              A, B, and C

 

2              Renal failure can result in 0

A             decreased urea B             hyponatremia

C             hyperkalemia

D             hypokalemia

E              none of the above

 

2              Intracellular fluid (ICF) is found in 1

A             blood vessels

B             lymph

C             the cells of the body

D             the interstitial space

E              the cerebrospinal fluid

 

2              The principal cation in intracellular fluid is 2

A             sodium

B             potassium

C             calcium

D             magnesium

E              chloride

2              When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained 3

A             the osmolarity of the ECF falls

B             osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF C    both the ECF and the ICF become more dilute D there is an increase in the volume of the ICF

E both A and D

 

2              Consuming a meal high in salt will 4

A             drastically increase the osmolarity of the blood B               result in a temporary increase in blood volume C                decrease thirst

D             cause hypotension

E              activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism

 

2              Aldosterone 5

A             is secreted in response to elevated levels of sodium in the blood B             promotes sodium retention in the kidneys

C             helps decrease blood volume

D             increases the concentration of sodium in urine E                functions in pH regulation

 

2              When the level of sodium ion in extracellular fluid decreases, 6

A             osmoreceptors are stimulated

B             a person experiences an increased thirst C            more ADH is released

D             there is an increase in the level of aldosterone

E              there is an increase in the level of atrial natriuretic factor

 

2              Excess potassium ion is eliminated from the body by 7

A             sweating

B             the kidneys

C             the liver

D             the digestive system E    the spleen

 

2              The amount of potassium secreted by the kidneys is regulated by 8

A             ADH

B             aldosterone

C             parathormone

D             atrial natriuretic factor E               cortisol

 

2              Calcium reabsorption by the kidneys is promoted by the hormone

 

9             

                A             calcitonin

                B             calcitriol

                C             aldosterone

                D             cortisol

                E              ADH

 

3              Each of the following statements concerning chloride ions is true, except that 0

A             chloride ions are the most abundant anions in the ECF B chloride ion concentrations in the ICF are usually low

C             chloride ions are absorbed along the digestive tract in the company of sodium ions

D             large amounts of chloride ions are lost each day in the urine E     chloride ions are lost in perspiration

 

3              The primary role of the carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system is to 1

A             buffer stomach acid

B             buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide

C             prevent pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids

D             buffer the urine

E              increase the amount of carbonic acid during ventilation

 

3              Acidosis can cause all of the following, except 2

A             coma and death

B             peripheral vasoconstriction C      cardiac arrhythmias

D             heart failure

E              It can cause all of the above

 

3              Hypoventilation would cause 3

A             respiratory acidosis B     respiratory alkalosis C    metabolic acidosis D       metabolic alkalosis

 

3              In response to respiratory alkalosis, the 4

A             respiratory rate increases B         tidal volume increases

C             kidneys conserve bicarbonate

D             kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions E    body retains more carbon dioxide

 

3              Prolonged vomiting can result in 5

A             respiratory acidosis B     respiratory alkalosis C    metabolic acidosis D       metabolic alkalosis

 

3              A person with emphysema will exhibit signs of 6

A             respiratory acidosis

 

B             respiratory alkalosis C    metabolic acidosis D       metabolic alkalosis

 

3              A person with chronic diabetes will exhibit signs of 7

A             respiratory acidosis B     respiratory alkalosis C    metabolic acidosis D       metabolic alkalosis

 

3              A person who chronically consumes large amounts of antacids to settle an upset stomach may risk 8

A             respiratory acidosis B     respiratory alkalosis C    metabolic acidosis D       metabolic alkalosis

 

3              To survive, humans must maintain a normal volume and composition of 9

A             ECF

B             body fluids

C             ICF

D             plasma

E              all of the above

 

4              A             acid is an acid that can leave solution and enter the atmosphere 0

A             fixed

B             organic

C             volatile

D             level

E              short

 

4              The reproductive system 1

A             produces gametes

B             stores and transports gametes C               nourishes gametes

D             A and B only

E              all of the above

 

4              Projections of the tunica albuginea, known as septae, divide the testis into 2

A             seminiferous tubules B  straight tubules

C             lobules

D             interstitial areas

E              the tunica albuginea and the testis proper

 

4              Straight tubules originate at the seminiferous tubules and form a maze of passageways called the 3

A             epididymis

B             ductus deferens C            rete testis

D             efferent ducts

E              ejaculatory ducts

 

4              The spermatic cord is 4

A             a dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds the testis

B             a bundle of tissue that contains the ductus deferens and the blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics that serve the testis.

C             a narrow opening that links the scrotal chamber with the peritoneal cavity

D             the external marking of the boundary between the two chambers of the scrotum. E          a layer of smooth muscle in the skin of the scrotal sac.

 

4              Interstitial cells produce 5

A             sperm

B             inhibin

C             nutrients

D             androgens

E              androgen-binding protein.

 

4              The sustentacular cells of the seminiferous tubules do all of the following, except that they 6

A             maintain the blood–testis barrier B          support spermiogenesis

C             secrete inhibin

D             secrete testosterone

E              secrete androgen-binding protein

4              Sperm production occurs in the 7

A             ductus deferens

B             seminiferous tubules

C             epididymis

D             seminal vesicles E             rete testis

 

4              Sperm develop from stem cells called 8

A             spermatogonia

B             primary spermatocytes

C             secondary spermatocytes D        spermatids

E              spermatozoa

 

4              As developing sperm cells begin the process of meiosis, they become 9

A    spermatogonia B     spermatocytes C spermatids

D     spermatozoons E Sertoli cells

 

5              The cells that are formed at the end of meiosis are called 0

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